Bolivia
Bolivia（玻利維亞）
Polipiya Adihayay Kasasiromaroma ko Finacadan a Kitakit(玻利維亞多民族國)
mikawitTakaray sowal(概略)
mikawitO Polipiya a kitakit i,tada adihayay ko kasasiromaroma ko Finacadan a malamlam maro’ itini.
O Polipiya hananay(Sipanya a sowal:Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia; Kiciwa a sowal:Wuliwiya Mamallaqta; Aymara a sowal:Wuliwya Suyu; Kuwalani a sowal:Tetã Volívia; Kuwaping a sowal:玻利維亞)Polipiya a kitakit itiraay i laloma’ no karopaw a kitakit i Katimolay Amirika Kanatal, o kapot no Katimolay Amirika Kanatal a Lekatep. Malafiyaway ato Pasi, Piru, Cili, Arkuntin ato Palakui tona lima a kitakit, o Syuto i,Sokeloy, nikawria, o kaitiraan no sifo i,itiraay i Lapas, ona Lapas a tokai nani tongroh no riyar matafesiway ko 3,600 m ko ka’akawang, o sa’akawangay itini i hekal a kitakit.
I’ayaw no picowat a mikowan ko Yoropa a tamdaw,o Antis Etal no Polipiya o nano Inka Hontian Kitakit, o sakakaay a kitakit itini. 16 sici, mapecoh no Sipanya
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Kitakit kona pala. Itiya i Picoeatan Mikowan, ona pala i,o「Fafa’eday a Piru」hananay a pangangan, o Piru Congtu Kasadefak ko citodongay a mikowanay.1890 miheca milekal to Pisiiked Niyahpikowan, nikawrira , 16 ko mihecaan a malalood ato Sipanya i 1825 miheca saka 8 folad saka 6 romi’ad patireng to Nikapolongan Kitakit, mingangan ci Simon Poliwa a pangangan tona kitakit, tano kapatireng tono niyah a kitakit, sanoyanan sa o Nisatekedan a Mikowan, cowa ka hinaker ko sieci cowa ka nga’ay ko katayalan ato ‘orip.
Rikisi(歷史)
mikawitTo’asan ho a mihecaheca(早期)
mikawitI kahelekan no saka 15 sici mapecoh no Sipanya ko Polipiya, malamicongacongay no Lapulata Congto Sakowan(Sipanya a sowal:Virreinato del Río de la Plata; Kuwaping a sowal:拉布拉他總督轄區) no Sipanya.
I saka 19 sici a mihecahecaan malalifelifet ko Latin Amirika Karopaw to Sapisiikedaw, itiya ho o「Fafa’eday a Piru」hananay a pangangan, ona ngangan tonini i,o minganganay to tadaki’emelay a tadaw no Winoyloyla Lakalasu ci Simon Poliwa, o mitedalay to kasefet no Polipiya nani Sipangya i 1809 miheca ta Misaiiked nani pikowan no Sipanya, o sapikinin tona tamdaw ko pangangan to Polipiya kitakit.
I 1825 miheca malaheci ko kapisiiked nani pikowan no Sipanya, nikawrira, cilacila a malalood ato kasafiyaw a kitakit, orasaka malowan ko fatad a sera no kitakit, ilaloma’ ira ko isaka’amisay no Cili a Antis Lotolotolan a pala, lilis no riyar a etal, isaktimolay no Pasi ato isaka’amisay no Palakui. Mangaled itiya i nani 1879 tahira i 1883 miheca a Syawsi Lalood(Sipanya a sowal:Guerra del Salitre;Kuwaping a sowal:硝石戰爭; oroma ho apangangan:Sipanya a sowal:Guerra del Pacífico; Kuwaping a sowal:太平洋戰爭), mapalahedaw ko o’edengan a milislisay to riyar a sakowan ato ikakaay a minato Antofaciyasita(Sipanya a sowal:Antofagasta; Kuwaping a sowal:安托法加斯塔),sanoyanan sato a mala ilaloma’ay no karopaw a kitakit ko Polipiya.[1]
Na pisiikedan to no Polipiya,o teloc no nani Yoropaay a kohecalay tamdaw ato cilamlamay to ’irang no Yoropa a Mitiso tamdaw mapolong a mipatireng to sifo, halafin o Sofitay a Nisatekedan Pikowan(Sipanya asowal:Caudillo) ato Nisatekeday a Cefan ko Sieci. O roma sato 'i, miwanikan ko ’alomanay a Intian Yuiencumin, sanga’ sa to rikec to sapi’enecaw to niyaro’ no Intian a tamdaw, ta lahoday to ko pi’afas to sera no Intian. 1900 miheca,o polong a tamdaw no Polopiya ira ko 1600 ofak ko ka’aloman, nikawria, ’edeng 3~4 ofad ko iraay ko ’icel no sinkiw.
1898 miheca,malaheci ko Lapas malasyuto tatapangan taokai no kitakit, o ci’icelay to sakowan i,mafalic to a tayra i citanengay ato cipaysoay a tamdaw.
Aniniay Miheca (當代)
mikawitI 1953 miheca masanga’ ko rikec to sapipalahedaw to Faco no Milikotan a Liomah, mifalic to sakiomah a fa’elohay faco. 1984 miheca, malepon ko Sofitay a Nisatekedan Pikowan, o sinkiw to ko pi’aeawan to kaira no fa’elohay sifo. 2003 miheca cifangafang to no Palaan Kaso, mifaker ko polong tamdaw no kitakit, orasaka, tatootoor sa a misawad ko congton ci Sangcisu ato mitayliay malacongtong ci Misa, laliw sato tara i roma a kitakit.
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2005 miheca saka 12 folad saka 18 romi’ad misinkiw to congtong,o Aimala Finacadan ci Molalis paka’ala to 53.75% a satopa, to cila a miheca i 2006 saka 1 folad saka 22 romi’ad satapang a matayal tono congtong a demak, cingra i,o sa’ayaway o yiencumin no Amirika Karopaw malacongtongay, o Syakaisyuki ko kahinakeran a halateng to sapipalowadaw to Polipiya.
2009 miheca saka 1 folad saka 15 romi’ad patalahekal to saka 16 a Kinpo Rikec no Kitakit, oninian i,o polong no fainawlan ko mitopaay to pihai, mahaop ko 61.8 % ko mihaiay ta malaheci. Tona miheca saka 3 folad saka 26 romi’ad mitilid to ngangan to sakakaay a rikec to sapifalicaw to ngangan no kitakit nani「República de Bolivia;玻利維亞共和國 falicen to 改為「El Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia;玻利維亞多民族國」, miliyaw sato misinkiw i,ira ko 64.2% ko mitopaay ta palalid a malacongton.
2019 miheca a sinkiw i,ci Molalis congtong mapakokot misamangahay to sinkiw saan, mapaci’eci a malaplap a milaliw tara i roma a kitakit.[2]
Palapalan(地理)
mikawitIsa’amisay apala no Polipiya o dafdaf, sasifo’an o sakawaliay a apilis no Antis Lotok; isaka’etipay a pala o Antis Lotok ato Polipiya taporo. 4000 m ko kaitongroh no riyar, o matiyayay awaay ko tolas a takaraway dahetal. O sa’etipay no Antis Lotok nani ka’amis pasi timol ko kasado’edo, kalacinamalay kona tokos. O sakakaay ko takaraw a poco’ no lotok o IimaniPoco’（Sipanya a sowal:Montaña de Illimani; Kuwaping a sowal:伊宜馬尼峰）6.438 m nani tongroh no riyar.
Ha’eminen a minengneng takaraway ko ka’etip masala’eno sanay i tarawali. Ora takaraway i ka’etip itiraay i Antis Lotok, o masala’enoay i kawali itiraay Amasin Kilakilangan. O itiraay i hefong koao’ o OroSakowan(Oruro;奧魯羅省) . O satakaraway ko kaitiraan a Titikaka-Fanaw(Sipanya a sowal:Titicaca Lago，Aymara a sowal:Titiqaqa; Holam a sowal:的的卡卡湖)itiraay i kalala’edan no Piru ato Polipiya,o dadahal 8290 ㎢, o lalen a tangongol 140~180m, Uyuni-Cinahay-Fanaw(Kiciwa a sowal:Uyuni kachi qucha; Sipanya a sowal:salar de Uyuni; Holam a sowal:烏尤尼鹽沼）o dadahal i,10.58㎢,o kakaya’ nani ka’etip pasiwali 250km.
O sato’edaway ’alo no Polipiya o cipas no Amasin ’Alo o Mamoloy ’Alo(Sipanya asowal:Río Mamoré; Holam a sowal:馬莫雷河), pasarayray han pakayni i dadahal:
1. Amacon ’Alo (Amazon;亞馬遜河), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 70.67㎢, mahaop ko 64% a pala no Polipiya.
2. Parana ’Alo (Paraná; 巴拉那河, o cipas no Lapulata ’Alo拉普拉塔河支流), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 24.51㎢.
3. Titikaka-Tesakuwalo ’Alo (Titicaca-Desaguadero;的的喀喀湖-德薩瓜德羅河), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 6.17㎢.
4. Kankoso ’Alo (Cancoso;堪克索河), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 2.02㎢ ko pala.
Itini i 17 00 S, 65 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko Bolivia.Polong no sekalay i 1,098,581 sq km “saka 28 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 1,083,301 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 15,280 sq km, Polong i 10,969,649 ko tamdaw.
sera(土地)Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 34.30%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 52.50%, malo no roma to a sera 13.20%.siyoto(首都),O Sokoloy(蘇克雷) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad.Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 6 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Foan Aywo Molalis(Evo Morales;Juan Evo Morales Ayma胡安·埃沃·莫拉萊斯·艾瑪), patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 22 a romi’ad.
Kakarayan(氣候)
mikawitO tosa no kalitolo a pala no Polipiya itiraay i Fa’edetay kakaraya ato Fala'efaay kakarayan[3], sahetoay o ma’icangay a sa’emel ko romi’ad; o ’orad nani sawalian no ka’amis tara sa’etip 2000mm lowan sa tahira i 100mm.
Sieci(政治)
mikawitO congtong no Polipiya o kapolongan no fainawlan a mitopa to sinkiw, 5 miheca kinacecay a misinkiw to congtong. O misanga’ay to rikec a Pikaikian no Kitakit o 「Kapolongan no Kasasiromaroma Finacadan Tata’angay Pikaikian」(Sipanya a sowal:Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional; Holam a sowal:多民族立法大會), tosaay ko kasasilsil:o Fafa'eday Pikaikian ato Kararemay Pikaikian, Fafa'eday Pikaikian 36 ko kiing,o Kararemay Pikaikian 130 ko kiing, malecad ato congtong 5 miheca kinacecay a sinkiwen.
2005 miheca saka 12 folad saka 18 romi’ad misinkiw to congtong,o Aimala Finacadan ci Molalis paka’ala to 53.75% a satopa, to cila a miheca i 2006 saka 1 folad saka 22 romi’ad satapang a matayal tono congtong a demak, cingra i,o sa’ayaway o yiencumin no Amirika Karopaw malacongtongay, o Syakaisyuki ko kahinakeran a halateng to sapipalowadaw to Polipiya.
2009 miheca saka 1 folad saka 15 romi’ad patalahekal to saka 16 a Kinpo Rikec no Kitakit, oninian i,o polong no fainawlan ko mitopaay to pihai, mahaop ko 61.8 % ko mihaiay ta malaheci. Tona miheca saka 3 folad saka 26 romi’ad mitilid to ngangan to sakakaay a rikec to sapifalicaw to ngangan no kitakit nani「República de Bolivia;玻利維亞共和國 falicen to 改為「El Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia;玻利維亞多民族國」, miliyaw sato misinkiw i,ira ko 64.2% ko mitopaay ta palalid a malacongton.
2019 miheca a sinkiw i,ci Molalis congtong mapakokot misamangahay to sinkiw saan, mapaci’eci a malaplap a milaliw tara i roma a kitakit.
Kasasilsil Sakowan(行政區劃)
mikawitO pisilsil to katayalan a kasasa'er : 9 ko Sakakaay Sa’er(Sipanya a sowal:departamento), o mikowanan nonini ira ko 112 ko Sakatosa Sa’er Sakowan(Sipanya a sowal:provincial), o kahacecacecay no Sakatosa Sa’er Sakowan silsilen ho pinapina a Siyang ato Cen(Sipanya a sowal:municipio) , i la’eno nonini i, silsilen ho to pinapina aniyaro’(localidad).
9 Sakakaay Sa’er Sakowan(九個省及其首府):
| ’Amis | Sipanya | Holam | Dadahal/㎢ | Tamdaw/2005 |
| Ciwkisaka Sen | Chuquisaca） | 丘基薩卡省 | 51,524 | 572,165 |
| Kociyapan Sen | Cochabamba | 科恰班巴省 | 55,631 | 1,649,044 |
| Pini Sen | El Beni | 貝尼省 | 213,564 | 411,399 |
| Lapas Sen | La Paz | 拉巴斯省 | 133,985 | 2,812,000 |
| Oruro Sen | Oruro | 奧魯羅省 | 53,588 | 384,494 |
| Panto Sen | Pand | 潘多省 | 63,827 | 60,995 |
| Potosi Sen | Potosí | 波托西省 | 118,218 | 738,771 |
| Sie Korucu Sen | Santa Cruz | 聖克魯斯省 | 370,621 | 2,433,602 |
| Tariha Sen | Tarija | 塔里哈省 | 37,623 | 391,226 |
Tamdaw ato Finacadan (人口與民族)
mikawitKatenakan(分布)
mikawitNano to’asan iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ i ’edef no Polipiya, i kapolongan a faco no sera o takaraway a dahetal ato kasala’ed no tokos cowa ka ’aloman ko tamdaw a maro’, ano o cihenehenekay ko sera itini i,’edengan sa o mi’aopay a finacadan ko maro’ay itini, nawhani, cowa ka hakowa ko mama’ala to hakakaenen, o roma sa i,o mingata’ay to riyar ato isasifo’an a takaraway a dahetal no Piru a masopsop ko tamdaw a maro’, itini mahecaday to cowa ko cihenekay a sera caay ka tatodong sakaomahen, nikawrira, kakahad ko pipakaenan to ’a’aopen,ira heca ko adihayay a ma’osaw a tatafokeloh, orira to ko saka haneknek no aro’ no tamdaw itini.[4]
Finacadan (民族)
mikawit
Itiya i 2010 miheca a pisa’osi ira ko 1012.5 ofad ko polong a tamdaw, adihay ko kasasiromaroma a finacadan, Indian-Yuiencumin mahaop ko 60% ko tamdaw, o cilamlamay to ’irang no Yoropa o Mitiso hananay i,mahaop ko 26%, o Yoropa a kohecalay tamdaw ato roma a finacadan mahaop ko 14%. O Indian-Yuiencumin i,ira ho ko 36 ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan, ilaloma’ no nini i,o satata’angay a finacadan o Kiciwa Finacadan ato Aymara Finacadan(艾馬拉族), ona tosa a fainacadan mahaop ko 85% no Indian-Yuiencumin no Polipiya.
Pitooran (宗教)
mikawitO malacinowasay ko sieci ato pitooran a kitakit ko Polipiya, o rikec no Kinpo:「mingodo mipa’ading ko kitakit to paiteked a mitoor ato naifaloco’ay a pakaso’elin, matiya o nikalacecay tono dohaw nisaharatengan, misiiked ko kitakit nani pitooran.」
Nengnengen ko sa’osi no mitokiay a mikinkiwaay no citodongay tona demak no Polipiya kitakit i 2001 miheca, o polong tamdaw no Polipiya mahaop ko 78% mitooray to Tisikiw, o roam mahaop ko19%, o cowa ka pakaso’elin to kawas i,’engan 3%. O roma a pisa’osi no Katelang Sa’osi no Pitooran Iinkay a kirok, 2010 miheca o misakristoay i,92% ko mahaopay, ono to’asan a pitooran i,3.1%, Pahai Pitooran 2.2%, o cowa ka pitooran to kawas i,ilalem ho no 0.1%.
Kicai (經濟)
mikawitO matayalay no sifo no Polipiya sahetoay o malawacoay, ira heca ko pikowan no Sipanya, orasaka, o tadamanikaway itini i Satimolan Amirika Karopaw. O manikaway a tamdaw i,mahaop ko 66.4% no polong tamdaw no Polipiya, o tada o horac to ko kaawa a tamdaw i,45% ko mahaopay. o roma sa ’i, o ciseraay a tamdaw ira ko 90%, o caay ka papina a kohecalay tamdaw ato cilamlamay ko ’irang a tamdaw.
Adihay ko kinairaira no gasolin simal ato kaso no pala,itini i Satimolan Amirika Karopaw o mido’edo’ay to Winoylyla ko kaadihay no kaso no pala, ira ho Tadafokeloh, sa pangangan ha to「oya maro’ay i ’ekim a ’adengan a miki’a’amay」.
Ira ho nalacolan no Inka-Hotinan Kitakit, o tadamaanay a rocokan no punka.
O misanga’ay to dafong a kofa ira ko misanga’ay to kakaenen, ira ko mililecay a tayal,misanga’ay to sikal no[5] katol,o ‘epah, o tamako a kahirahira. Cowa ko nini aca, ira ho ko misamaladnay, cinganganay itini i kalokitakit.
Oni pasadakan a paliwal a dafong i,ira ko nanisimalay dagong, tadafokeloh,misanga’an dafong ato dafong no saliomah. O sakakaay a ci’epocay a losay ira ko Limay a kowal(quinoa;藜麥), ariray, moki, konga ato kalitang.
O Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit( GDP)nani 2005 miheca a 95.25 ok Amirika payso tahira to i 2009 miheca 172.17 ok Amirika Payso; Lalen a 'Etan no kalotamdaw( per capita disposable income ,GNI ) nani 1010 Amirika Payso matongal tahira i 1683 Amirika Payso.
Tahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻)
mikawit[1] How Bolivia Lost Its Hat (2012). [2015-07-26]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-11）
[2] 存档副本. [2019-11-11]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-11）.
[3] Herbert S. Klein. 玻利維亞史. 上海: 東方出版中心. 2016年6月: 1. ISBN 978-7-5473-0814-1 （中文）.
[4] Herbert S. Klein. 玻利維亞史. 上海: 東方出版中心. 2016年6月: 1–2. ISBN 978-7-5473-0814-1 （中文）
[5] 玻利维亚国家概况. [2013-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2013-03-07）.