Brazil
Brazil (巴西）
Palaciro Nikapolongan Kitakit (巴西聯邦共和國)
mikawitTakaray sowal (概要)
mikawit
Palaciro Nikapolongan Kitakit (Potawya a sowal: República Federativa do Brasil; Holam a sowal: 巴西聯邦共和國, kalopitahidan: 巴西; Brasil)[1], ono Latin-Amirika kitakit. O palo no kitakit a tamdaw i, cilafasay to 6 ok, o sakaenem ko kaadihay no tamdaw itini i hekal. Itiraay i saka’etip no Satimolan-Amirika ko kaitiraan nona kitakit, sahetoay i sasofo’an no Sifo’ay-Konis no Cikiw ato Kacifrangan-Konis no Cikiw ko kitiraan no Palaciro, misi’ayaway to Tata’akay-Saka’amisay Riyar (Atlantic Ocean; 大西洋), o kakahad no pala i, ira ko 8,515,767 km², mido’edo’edoay to Rosiya, Kanata, Congko, Amirika. O sera no Palaciro madado’edo’ay ato Wlakuy, Acuntin, Palakuy, Poliwiya, Piro, Kolonpiya, Winoyloya, Kaiyana, Solinan ato Sakowan no Fransu a Kaiyana.
O sakakaay ko kakahad no Fa’etay-Pala Kilikilangan no Palaciro, minganganay to Kahengangay-Kilang no Palaciro (brazilwood; 巴西紅木). O tatapangan a tokai a syoto i, o Pasiliya, mihaopay to Sie-Pawlo Tokai ato Liyielonoyro Tokai. Ikakaay ko misaradan a mamala marad a tadafokeloh, tadafangcal ko tireng nona kilang, o niletekan ato nipasadakan a paliwal o sakakaay i hekal.
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O nipasakan a paliwal a dafong ira ko kafi, tefos, ato mami’ isakakaay kalokitakit, nawhani, patahtahay to kinairaira no pala ato ’aloman ko matayalay, orasaka o polong a mili’etanan o sakaceay ko rayray i Katimolay-Amirika, saka 6 i hekal, saka 3 i Sa’etipay-Pecih no Cikiw, sakacecay i Sakatimol-Pecih no Cikiw.
Itini i rikisi no Palaciro o nano mikowanan no Potawya, orasaka o sowal no Potawya ko sowal no sifoan, sahetoay o mitooray to Tinsukiw ato Fa’elohay-Misakristo.
Tatapangan no ngangan no kitakit (國名來源)
mikawitO tatapangan no ngangan no Polaciro (Potawya asowal: Brasil；Holam a sowal: 巴西), minganganay toya malengaway a
kilang i lilis no riyar no Polaciro, sano Potawya a sowal「pau-brasil」hananay, ora「brasil」sa i, o matiyaay sakahengan sanay lamal, o Latin a sowal kora「brasa」, o langto no lamal, pawikol hananay to -il mala brasil a tilid.[2][3][4]
O misanga’an nani Kahengangay-Kilang no Polaciro a tadakahengangay a sacengel, tada limelaen ko Yoropa a tamdaw. I saka16 sici a mihecahecaan adihay to komiletekan no Yiencumin no Polaciro, o micakayay a Yoropa tamdaw ko mipaliwalay tayra i Yoropa, ona paliwalay tamdaw ira ko nani Potawya ira ko nani Fransuay.[5] Ona cikilangay a palpalaan itini sowal no sifo no Potawya o「Terra de Santa Cruz」 (Fangcalay a Ciwcika) hananay a pangangan itiya ho, o roma ’i o「Terra do Brasil」hananay no Nipaliwalay a pangangan, oninian to a ngangan ko maalaay a maceror to koya katelang a panganganan no sifo. Itiya ho o mikalicay to tamina a tamdaw o 「pala no Ingko」 (Terra di Papagal) hananay
a pangangan. O roma sato ’i itira i Palakuy o cecay a sowal no sifo tora Kuarani a sowal, o「Pindorama」hananay ko Polaciro a mitahidang, o「pala no ’afinong」sanay ko imi nira.
kaitiraan (地理位置)
mikawitO polong a pala no Polaciro sahetoay o Fa’etay-Kakarayan (Ikiris a sowal: Tropical climate; Holam a sowal: 熱帶氣候).[1] Isaka’amis o sakakaay ko kakahad a dafdaf –Yamasun-Dafdaf (Potawya a sowal: Bacia do rio Amazonas; Holam a sowal: 亞馬遜平原), itini sahetoay o Sifo’ay-Kunis no Cikiw a kala’oraday kakarayan, patahtahay to ’orad, ika’amis no sakawali makedalay to mamang. Katimol o saktosa ko rayray i hekal a Takaraway-Dahetal (Potawya a sowal: Planalto Brasileiro;Holam a sowal: 巴西高原), matafesiw ko 500’ofad㎢ ko kakahad, ikakaay a Fa’edetay-Rengorengosan Kakarayan, o syoto nona kitakit
itiniay tona dahetal. Isakatimol nona dahetal ’akawangay to mamang, adihay ko tapolo ato dafdaf sahetoay o Lafa’efaay-Kakarayan, mado’etay, latek ira ko so’eda, o polong no tamdaw itiniay a maro’, o liomah ko ’orip.
O lilis no Tasiyang- Riyar adihay ko lotolotokan, o sakakaay ko ’akawang nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,900m. Ika’amisay a Kaiyana Takaraway-Dahetal o pocok i, ira ko 3,014 m, o sa’akawangay itini.
O itiniay a Yamasun-’Alo o sakakaay ko rakat no nanom. O sakatosa ’alo i Katimolay-Amirika Karopaw o Palana-’Alo, oya cinganganay i hekal a Yikuwasu-Cascas (Potawya asowal: Cataratas do Iguaçu; Holam a sowal: 伊瓜蘇瀑布) itiraay i capa’ nona ’alo.
Itini i 10 00 S, 55 00 W, no Notimolan- Amilika Karopaw ko Brazil Polong no sekalay i 8,515,770 sq km saka 5 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 8,358,140 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i,157,630 sq km Polong i 205,823,665 ko tamdaw.
sera: Masakilac ko sera o malo liomah (農業) a sera 32.90%, Malo no kilakilangan (林業) a sera 61.90%, malo no roma to a sera 5.20%.
siyoto (首都) O Brasilia (巴西利亞) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad, Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 7 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Michel Temer (米歇爾·泰梅爾), patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 31 a romi’ad.
Sieci (政治)
mikawitI 1988 miheca a misang’ to Tatapangan-Rikec no Polaciro Kitakit tora Kinpo hananay, mahapinang ko pipasetek o
mitatoy to masamaamaan a ’icel no sakowan, o congtong ato sadama a congtong o finawlan ko mamitopa a misinkiw, sepat miheca ko katayalan, manga’ay a patokitok malacontong to kinacecay. O congtong ko mamitoro’ to mamalatapang no citodongay a kakeridan no sifo, o congtong o mikomoday no sifo ato sawara’an no kitakit.
O misanga’ay to rikec no kitakit i, o Finawlan-Pikaikian no Polaciro, tosaay ko ksafaco no Finawlan-Pikaikian, o Fafa'eday-Pikaikian i, ira ko 81 ko kiing, alatatolo ko Tata’angay-Sakowan ato Teked-Etal no Nikapolongan-Sifo,8 a mihecaan ko katayalan, kalosepat miheca sinkiwen a mifalic ko cecay no kalitolo, to ikor a 4 miheca oya osaw to tosa no kalitolo ko fafalicen a misinkiw. O Kararemay-Pikaikian i, ira ko 513 ko kiing, o tamdaw no kalosakowan ko pisilsil a misinkiw to mamalakiing, o katayalan 4 miheca.
Kacacofelan a Demak (外交)
mikawitO Mikiharay ato Roma Kitakit (Potawya a sowal: Palácio do Itamaraty; Holaam a sowal: 伊塔馬拉蒂宮)
ko citodongay tona demak no Polaciro, o Polaciro a kitakit i, itini i Latin-Amirika Karopaw o sieci to, o kicai to mitongasoc ko kaitiraan no Polaciro, itini i hekalay a pili’etan to kicai mahecaday mitongasoc. Orasak, o Kacacofelan Demak no Polaciro mipahapinangay to katata’ang no niyah a kitakit itini tona etal, misa’icel a mipaading to Sakanga’ay no kitakit, Sakarihaday no kitakit, Nisaharatengan ato micoroh to sakacemahad no kitakit. I kaleponan no Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal tahira i kalahecian no 20 sici, ono Finawlan-Sifo to, ono Sofitayan-Sifo to, mahecaday misa’icel a mocoroh to no Kikaiyan-Demak a mipacakat to sapisiwar a ’icel tona hekal, ta cilacila a mipa’edeng to sapisiwaraw no Amirika to sieci ato kicai itini i Latin-Amirika.
O Tatapangan a Rikec ko pido’edoan no Kacacofelan a Demak no Polaciro, o cowa ka pilalang to demak no roma a kitakit, o Finacadan-kopasetek ato Nikapolongan no Hekal a Ca’enot sanay a lekakawa ko sapidademak.
Do’edoen ko Tatapangan-Rikec no Polaciro, o congtong ko saikoray to a mamisetek to tayal no Kacacofelan-Demak. O tayal no Citodongay Mikihar to Papotalay Demak mahaop ko sieci, mali’aca, kicai, kinkoan ato punka a kacacofel, nikawrira, o congton ko miparakatay to emin a pasitiraan no tayal.
Kasasilsil no sakowan (行政區劃)
mikawitO polong a kasasilsil no sakowan 26 ko Tata’angay Sakowan ato cecay ko Tekeday Sakowan ( Potawya a sowal: Brasília;Holam a sowal: 巴西利亞), i laloma’ no Tata’angay Sakowan ira ko Niyaro’, tosaay ko pidemakan a faco.
| # | ’Amis (Niyaro’) | Kuwaping (Sakowan) | Polaciro | Dahad/km² | Tamdaw |
| 1 | Sie Pawlo | 聖保羅州 | São Paulo | 248,209 | 41,901,219
(2012) |
| 2 | Liyeleniro | 里約熱內盧州 | Rio de Janeiro | 43,696. | 15,561,720
(2006) |
| 3 | Sarwato | 薩爾瓦多州 | Salvador | 565,733 | 2,714,119
(2015) |
| 4 | Fotolaysa | 福塔萊薩州 | Fortaleza | 146,348 | 8,217,085
(2006) |
| 5 | Minascilas | 米納斯吉拉斯 | Minas Gerais | 588,528 | 21,168,791
(2019) |
| 6 | PasiliyaK | 聯邦區 | Distrito Federal | 5,801.937 | 2,383,784
(2006) |
| 7 | Kulitipa | 巴拉那州 | Paraná | 199,282 | 10,387,378
(2006) |
| 8 | Manaws | 亞馬遜州 | Amazonas | 1,570,947 | 4,001,667
(2016) |
| 9 | Losifi | 伯南布科州 | Pernambuco | 98,311.616 | 8,502,603
(2006) |
| 10 | Alekolikang | 南里約格蘭州 | Rio Grande do Sul | 281,748.538 | 10,963,216
(2006) |
| 11 | Pilong | 帕拉州 | Pará | 1,247,689.5 | 7,792,561
(2012) |
| 12 | Kuwaloliws | 聖保羅州 | São Paulo | 248,209.4 | 41,901,219
(2012K) |
| 13 | Koyaniya | 戈亞斯州 | Goiás | 340,086 | 7,018,354
(2019) |
| 14 | Kanpinas | 聖保羅州 | São Paulo | 248,209.4 | 41,901,219
(2012) |
| 15 | Sie Luys | 馬拉尼昂州 | Maranhão | 331.983,293 | 6.184.538
(2006) |
| 16 | Sie Konsaro | 里約熱內盧州 | Rio de Janeiro | 43,696.1 | 15,561,720
(2006) |
| 17 | Masayie | 阿拉戈斯州 | Alagoas | 27,767.661 | 3,050,652
(2006) |
| 18 | Kasiyas Koncie | 里約熱內盧州 | Rio de Janeiro | 43,696.1 | 15,561,720
(2006) |
| 19 | Sinyikuwas | 里約熱內盧州 | Rio de Janeiro | 43,696.1 | 15,561,720
(2006) |
| 20 | Toloysina | 皮奧伊州 | Piauí, | 251.529,186 | 3.036.290
(2006) |
Kicai (經濟)
mikawitO sakakaay a tayal no Polaciro i, o liomah, mikarkar, miasanga’a to dafong ato mihamham to lafang, nikawrira, cowa ka ‘edeng to matayalay temadaw.
Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit (Gross Domestic Product; GDP) o skakaay itini i Latin-Amirika, sata’angay sanay to pisiwar to kala’aca i hekal, o kacemahad no GDP to mihecahecaan marawisay to ko 5.4%, i 2014 miheca a GDP no kakotandaw tangasaay to i 12,00 Amirika payso, o nipasadakan a dafong i, ira ko kafi, kalitang, tadafokeloh, ami’ marad, tefos ato sikoki.
I 1998 miheca o Hekalay a Kiking no Payso a Lekatep (International Monetary Fund, IMF) ko mikomoday to tayal sa ira ko 415 ’ok ko pipadama no hekalay kitakit to payso, o pisa’eli no IMF i, odengan to pisongila’ to no paysoan faco ato no Kicai a faco. 1999 miheca saka 1 folad, milekal ko Tatapangan Kinko no Polaciro, palasawaden to kakafit no Polaciro a payso「real brasileiro; 巴西雷亞爾」ato no Amirika-Payso, ona demak tonini i, mirowan to ’epoc no payso no Polaciro to saka caay ka serer ko kacemahad no katayal.
I 2001 miheca masener ko ikakaay a kalali’aca, tangsolsol han no Tatapangan Kinko no Polaciro a mipacakat ko wawa no picaliw to payso ta maneker ko kacakat no ‘aca no kalodafong (Ikiris a sowal: inflation; Holam a sowal: 通貨膨脹).
O ka’aisa’isal to ni’etanan taha nini caay sananay ka lalen, o sakakaay a ’inolong no Polaciro Sifo anini kona demak.
Tamdaw ato Pitooran (人口宗教)
mikawitO ililisay no Tasiyang-Riyar ’alomanay ko tamdaw a maro’ itini, i
laloma’ no kitakit i korapaw matakaray to ko tamdaw. Masasiromaroma ko finacadan ato punka. O polong a tamdaw o kkohecalay a tamdaw mahaop ko 47.3%, cilamlam co roma a ’ilang a tamdaw mahaop ko 43.1%, o nani Afirikaay a tamdaw ira ko 7.6%, Aciya tamdaw ira ko 2.1%, o Yuencumin no Amirika-Karopaw 0.2%, o sa’osi no cilamlamay ato kohetingay tamdaw sakali’eki sanay ko ko ka’aloman to tamdaw.[7] [8] [9]
O isakatimolay no kitakit i, o teloc no Yoropa ko ’alomanay a maro’, ona tamtamdaw i, miso’edac to 19 sici a Itali, Toic, Tpolan, Sipanya ato Potawya a maforaway a tayni ton apala. Iska’amis ato i ka’amis no saka’etip no kitakit sahetoay o Yuencumin ko maro’ay, ira a malamlam a maro’ ko teloc no Yoropa ato Afrika.
O polong a tamdaw no Polaciro ira ko cecay ko ‘ok ira ko cecay so’sot ko sa’osi i 2013 miheca, katimol no sakawali a pala o sakodefetay ko tamdaw a maro’ itini, o pisa’sosi i 2004 miheca o maro’ay itini a tamdaw matafesiw ko 7,800 ko ’ofad, malecad to 42% no polong a tamdaw no Polaciro. Itini i Polaciro toloay ko ikakaay ko ka’aloman no tamdaw a takai (tata’alay a niyaro’), onini i, o Sie-Pawlo (Potawya a sowal: São Paulo; Holam a sowal: 聖保羅) 4,200 ‘ofad ko tamdaw, o Minascilas (Potawya a sowal: Minas Gerais; Holam a sowal: 米納斯吉拉斯), 1,900 ’ofad ko tamdaw, o Liyielenili (Potawya a sowal: Rio de Janeiro; Holam a sowal: 里約熱內盧), i katatekoan no Sie-Pawlo ato Liyielenili masapimali’acaan a etal, ira ko 23% a tamdaw no Polaciro maro’ itini, masa o sakakaay ko kadefet no tamdaw itini.
O pitooran no tamtamdaw i, Tinsikiw (latek mahahop ko 65%), Fa’elohay-Misakristoay (mahaop ko 25%), tona pinapina a miheca pasilalemay ko mitooray to Tinsikiw, roma sa i, kali’eli a matongal ko mitooray to Fa’elohay-Misakristoay.
Punka (文化)
mikawitO kacacamolan no kasasiromaroma a finacadan ko Polaciro, orasak, masasiromaroma ko kasiiked no pidemak to punka, ona kasasiromaroma i, ira ko nani Yoropaay, ira ko nani Afrikaay, ira ko nani Aciyaay a maforaway a tayni. Orasaka, o sakero ato radiw masasiroma ko kasiikedan.
Itiya ho i saka 29 sici, oya sakakaay ko ngangan to misanga’ay to radiw i hekal ci Antoniyo Karolos Komis (Antônio Carlos Gomes), o Polaciro a tamdaw, tahira to i saka 20 sici oya ikakaay ko ngangan i hekal ci Haytor Wila Lopos (Potawya a sowal: Heitor Villa-Lobos; Holam a sowal: 海托爾·維拉-羅伯斯), o sakaromadiw a dafong ato no iniyahay a radiw ko sakacakat no ngangan ningra. O nidemakan ningra i, mipatapi’elaay to faloco’ no fanacadan a macgaw ko faloco’ tono niyah a dafong no punka,
O mitayhyoway to radiw no Polacior i, Sepa-Radiw (Samba; 森巴) ato Senpa-Sakero, sahetoay o nani niyaro’ay, tada tangongol ko pirecep to punka i hekal, ona romadiway to masakeroay to cowa ko nipadetengan a pahatatanam, o nani falo’ay saanay ko kafana’ to radiw ato sakero. Kalomihecaan to sakatosa folad ira ko Tadamaanay-Lawla (Ikiris a sowal: carnival; Holoma a sowal: 嘉年華) adihay a mapasadak ko masamaamaanay a radiw ato sakero, mapedped ko nani cowacowaay a kitakit a lafang tayni a malacecay a malapahak, onini ko sakcakat no Pipalafangan-Demak no Polaciro.
Tahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻)
mikawit[1] Demographics. Brazilian Government. 2011 [2011-10-08]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-17）. （英文）
[2] CNRTL- Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales （法文）.
[3] Michaelis–Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa （葡萄牙文）.
[4] iDicionário Aulete 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2012-02-29. （葡萄牙文）.
[5] （葡萄牙文） Eduardo Bueno, Brasil: uma História（São Paulo: Ática, 2003; ISBN 85-08-08213-4）,p.36.
[6] 周淑貞主編，1997年：《氣象學與氣候學》，第204頁，中國：高等教育出版社。
[7] Tendências Demográficas: Uma análise da população com base nos resultados dos Censos Demográficos 1940 e 2000. [2012-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-13）.
[8] Censo demográfico revela que o Brasil ficou mais velho e menos branco. [2012-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-07）.
[9] População que se declara branca diminui, diz IBGE. [2012-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-16）.
Pikafitan i Papotal (外部連接)
mikawit- The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Wisconsin International Law Journal, 13 May 2015
- 巴西政府官方網站（葡萄牙語）
- 巴西行政區劃網頁 中文
- 中華人民共和國駐巴西大使館
- 中華民國駐巴西台北經濟文化辦事處 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Universidade de Sao Paulo (聖保羅大學)
- 巴西亞洲中國文化語言中心Asia brasil Centro Cultural de Língua Chinesa
- Brazil Real Estate
- 《世界概況》上有關巴西的條目 （英文）
- 開放式目錄計劃中和巴西相關的內容 （英文）
- 維基媒體的巴西地圖集 （英文）
- OpenStreetMap上有關巴西的地理資訊
- 谷歌地圖
- Casas Terravista Trancoso