Dominica
Tominika Kapolonga Kitakit(Kuwaoing a sowal:多米尼加共和国; Sipanya a sowal:República Dominicana).
mikawitO kalopitahidang o Tominika hananay, itiraay ko Karipi Riyar a kanatalan kitakit, malapecihay to Sipanya Kanatal ato Hayti kitakit. O kakahad no sera ira ko 48.670km², o tatapangan a tokay o Sie Tominko, ono sifoan a sowal i,o Sipanya a sowal, o payso i,o Tominika Piso. Ano do’edo’en ko nisa’osi no Sepay no Amirika, o li’etan no kalotamdaw to cecay a miheca ira ko 9700 a Payso no Amirika. O aniniay a congtong ci Lois Apinatir(Kuwaping a sowal:路易士·羅道爾夫·阿比納迪爾·柯洛納; Sipanya a sowal: Luis Rodolfo Abinader Corona) . O na kanatal o kamaro’an no Tayno Finacadan ato roma Arawa Finacadan(Kuwaping a sowal: 阿拉瓦克人; Ikiris a sowal:Arawak),i 1492 miheca macakat ci Kolompo pangangan han nira to Sipanya Kanatal, sanoyanan makowan no Sipanya to 300 so’ot a mihecaan, i 1795 ato 1801 miheca o Fransu ko mikowanany orasaka, o sakakaay a finacadan itini o teloc no ciramramay to ‘ilang no Sipanya a yincumin. 1821 miheca saka11 folad saka 30 romia’ad,miliyas ko Tominika to pikowan no Sipanya misiiked patirenga to niyak a kitakit,nikawrira, 9 a lipay mapateko no iska’etipay nikowanan no Fransu a Hayti kitakit. Ona tosaay a kitakit tata’ang tato ko kasasiroma no ‘orip, cowa ko mamalacecay, onini ko sapiliyas no Tominika i 1844 miheca to Hayti, milekal to pisiiked,ona romi’ad o malapiharatengan to pipatireng to kitakit a romi’ad. 1865 miheca malowid no Tominika ko Sipanya malaheci sato ko so’elinay a misiikeday kitakit.
Rikisi(歷史)
mikawitYincumin a mihecahecaan(原住時期)
mikawitO itinitiniay a maro’ a tamdaw ’i, o cecay a ngasaw no Alawako a Tayno Finacadan ato roma a maro’ay I KaropiRiyar a tamdaw. O pipangangan nangra to ni’aroan a pala o Kiskeya anoca Quisqueya, o imi nonini ‘i, o “wina no pala” sanay,sa mapasadak i radiw no kitakit.
Itiya ho o ‘orip no Tayno tamdaw o maomahay, mifotingay ato mikipalapalaay miala to kakaenen. I 1492 miheca o takalay a sa’osi to tamdaw no Tayno Finacadan, ira ko 10 ‘ofad latek 200 ‘ofad ko tamdaw. Itiya ho iraay ko lalima a sakowan no kakita’an, rayray han: Marién、Maguá、Maguana、Jaragua、Higüey. Ila’eno nonini a sokowan no kakita’an ira ho ko mamangay a kakita’an a sakowan,oya faco no kitakit o mipafeliay to dafong i kakita’an,ona nipafelian a dafong ira ko nipaloma’an a losay.
Nikowan ko Fransu(西班牙統治1492-1795)
mikawitO nihakelongan ni Kolompo a mikalic i tamina a tamdaw cisafaw ko 90 tamdaw, macakat i sa’amisan no Sipanya Kanatal,oya sa maro’ay itini a Tayno tamdaw pakanengneng tona kohecalay tamdaw, palakawas han nangra a mih amham a misalafang. Nawhani, matatifacay tato ko kasasiroma no ‘orip,faheka ko itiniay a yincumin to ca’edong nona Yoropa a tamdaw,pangangan to “guamikena” o nipahepoan sanay ko imi nona sowal. Oya kakita’an no Marién ci Kuwakanakalikos(Guacanagarix) wata ko pataheka a mihamham tona Yoropa a tamdaw, pafelien ho to dafong,onini ko ka’enep no Sipanya a tamdaw, kaloparanaan han to nangra itini ta nani itini to matenak ko picowat to i KaropiRiyar ato Amirika Karopaw.
Na macakat ci Korompo ato nihakerongan ningra atamdaw tona kanatal, palakolien nangra ko yincumin, ano ira ko caay ka pitengil to sowal no Sipanya,makal’ang a patayen, ira ko milaliway tayra i Kupa. Tayno a Finacadan awaay ko saptaker to nihakelongan no Sipanya a lifong,misapades ho ko Sipanya a tamdaw, yo pikowanan no Sipanya to 30 mihecaan, o tandaw no Tayno nani 40 ‘ofad lahedaw sa 3000 aca ko ma’osaway. Anini sato awa awa to ko mitilidan pakayni to Tayno Finacadan, mahadefekay to a malahedaw.
O ma’osaway edeng no nikonisan no Tayno tamdaw i dihidihian. Orasaka awa to ko mamaomah, itira to a mipacomod to Afrika a tamdaw palakoli, I 1568 miheca a sa’osi o nopacomodan a tamdaw nani Afrika iraay to ko 2 ‘ofad, tayra to 19sici, iraay to ko 50 ‘ofad ko malakoliay a kohetingay tamdaw.
Frasu a pikowan(法國統治1795-1801)
mikawitYo ma’eco tono Sipanya ko Sipanya Kanatal Malomicowatan a Sakowan, palowid heca a mitekop to Acitiko Hontian Kitakit ato Inka Hontian Kitakit ko Sipanya, pasitira to Amirika Karopaw ko pisakakahad a micowat to pala, ca sato kalingwaen ko Sipanya Kanatal.
Itira to ko Fransu a papiforaw a tayni ko maomahay ato mipatiyamay, i 1677 miheca latek ira to ko 4000 ko tamdaw no Fransu itini. I 1697 miheca matatilid ko Fransu ato Sipanya to kakaketonan, mihay ko Sipanya to pikowan no Fransu tona pala.
Misiiked(獨立1844)
mikawitOya itiraay i TatapanganTokay(syoto:Sietominko)ko sofoc ci Foan Papolo Towato misafaloco’ to sapisiikedaw no Sietominko, i 1838 miheca patireng to Malacecayay ko Tatoloay(La Trinitaria; 三位一體會) hananay a Rekad, ona Malacecayay ko Tatoloay sanay ‘i, malotahapinangan a sowal no Tominika kitakit tora「Wama I kakarayan」(上帝),「kasofocan niyaro’」(故鄉),「paifaloco’ay a ‘orip」(自由).
O kimpo no Tominika nipasasotiri’an tono Amirika a kimpo a misanga’, i 1844 miheca saka 11 folad saka 6 folad malaheci ta milekal to pisatapang nona kimpo.
Yo misiiked to ko Tominika, colacila mafolaw no fiyaw a kitakit Hayti, o malacongtongay ci Pico Sangtana mikitira i Sipanya nga’ caka fodfod no Hayti saan, yo malacongtong ci Payce pasitira a Fransu mikicocom, toikor matateko ato Amirika saan, caka hayen no finawlan, caka laheci ko nisafaloco’an ningra.
Mitaker mi’eco ko Amirika(美國的干預和佔領)
mikawitO congtong no Amirika ci Siawto Rosofo calemcem to sapitekeraw no Yoropa to demak no Amirika, hatiyatiyaay ‘i, o sapipa’adingaw to tala’ayaway ko pisanga’ to Panama Cilis, nilekal ci Rosofo congtong to MonroSiyuki (門羅主義; Ikiris a sowal:Monroe Doctrine), milalang to Yoropa matokitok a micowat to pala itini i Amirika Karopaw, ano ira heca ko micomoday a Yoropa, misa’icel ko Amirika a mifelih amilaplap.
Palapalaan(地理)
mikawitItiraay i KaropiRiyar a Sipanya Kanatal ko kamaro’an no Tominika Kapolongan Kitakit,makilatolo no sepat nona kanatal, o dadahal i,48,670km², ikaka no Taywan to 1.33 km²(Taywa 3,3000 km²). Naniwali tara’etip latek ira ko 390 km², nanitimol tara’amis ira ko 265 km². Isaka’etip malafiyaway ato Hayti kitakit, o kalala’ed nona tosa a kitakit ira ko 360kilo, isakawali malala’ed ato Potoriko to Momna Riyaran a Ta'eman, isakamis o Tasiyang Riyar.
O tamdaw ato dadahal no sera no Tominika mido’edo’ay to Kupa.ora kamaro’an a Sipanya Kanatal tosaay ko kitakit o Tominika ato Hayti ko maro’ay.
Kanatal ato tafotafokan a faniyot(島嶼和沙洲)
mikawitI riyar no Tominika adihay ko mamangay a kanatal ato tafotafokan a faniyot, ilaloma’ nonini ‘i, o itiraay I kawali no sakatimol, o cinganganay a pihololan a Sawna kanatal(Kuwaping a sowal:紹納島; Sipanya a sowal: Isla Saona) ato i kawaliay no saka’etip Piata kanatal(Kuwaping a sowal:貝阿塔島; Sipanya a sowal: Isla Beata).
Isaka’amisan a pala nani Tatapangan Tokay o syoto 100kilo tahira i 200 kilo ira ko tolo a tafotafokan a faniyot, oninian o madado’edoay nani Pahama katakitatan, o Kerismas Tafotafokan a Faniyot, Masa’ekimay Tafotafokan a Faniyot ato Mociyoir (Mouchoir沙洲), o I’ayaway tosa a faniypot cisakowanay ko Tominika kitakit.
Tokotokosan ato dafdaf (山脈和平原)
mikawitI Tominika ira ko sepat a masado'edoay lotok,o Saka’amisay a Masado'edoay Lotok (Cordillera Septentrional); Sifo’ay a Masado'edoay Lotok (Cordillera Central); isakatimol ira ko Neiba Masado'edoay Lotok ato Bahoruco Masado'edoay Lotok.
O itiraay i ka’amis ato sifo’ay a lotok, o ci’afoay a sera, o SioKasasaowac hananay konini a pangangan. O sahetoay maomahay ko tamdaw no itiniay.
Nani tatapangan tokay a syoto Sietominko pasi’amis ko kasado'edo no kakahaday dafdaf,o Lalawacan no Karopi Riyar konini,itini adihay ko misatefosay.
’Alo(河川)
mikawitPatahtahay to ‘alo ko Tominika kitakit, ira ko sepat a rayray no ’alo, nani sasifo’an a lotolotokan a masadak o Piyako ’Alo(Yaque del Norte), o sakakaay a ’alo no Tominika konini, o hananom no SioTa’eman, masadak i kihaw no Citosan tarariyar. Nani skawali no sasifo’an a lotolotokan a masadakay o Yina ’Alo(Yaque del Sur) marakt ko i sa’etipay a hontian rengorengosa a dafdaf (Vega Real), nani tini pasiwali no saka’amisay a Samana (Samaná)kihaw. I kakitmol no Sifo’an lotolotokan ira ko Satimolan Yako ’Alo (Yaque del Sur), o hananom no Siean Ta’eman, nani tini tayra to i Karipi Riyar ko rakat no nanom.Artifonito ’Alo (320 kilo ko kakaya’) o nani Sifo’an Lotolotokan a masadak ko nanom pasi’etip.
O sakakaay a fanaw no Tominika i, o Inrikuulo Fanaw (300 km²), itiraay i ka’etip no sakatimol, i la’enoay no tongroh no riyar ko aro’ nona fanaw to 40 laya’, ma’icangay ko romi’ad itini, ona fanaw matiyaay to riyar hahecid ko nanom,isalawacan no riyar adihay ko masafaniyotay a fanaw.
Tamdaw (人口)
mikawitI 2021 miheca saka2 folad a sa’osi no tamdaw no Tominika, ira ko 19091 ofad ko tamdaw (I 2002 miheca 856 ofad ko tamdaw), o katongalan to mihecaan 1.01%, o matafesiway ko 65 ko mihecaan a tamdaw kahaop ko 5.8% no polong a tamdaw no kitakit. o nikalecad no sofoc 22.65 no cecay a patek, o nikalecad no patay 5.3 no cecay a patek, o lalen no mihecaan 24.7 miheca, o lalen no fainayan 24.6 miheca, fafahiyan 24.8 miheca. O lalen mihecaan no patay 73.39 miheca.
Mahaop ko 11% a tamdaw no Tominika o telloc no Arika, i laloma’ no nini ’i, 16% ono Sipanya a teloc, 73% o taloc no Yoropa, Amirika ato Afrika. Ira ho ko papinapina teloc no Aciya, o Kuwaping ato Dipon a teloc, 1 %aca no polong a tamdaw no Tominika. O itinitiniay aca a tamdaw o yincumin no Tominika o Tayno finacadan malahedaway to, halokirok no sifo awaay to. ono Hayti a tamdaw maforaway a tayni ira ko 150 ofad ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ nonini ‘i, 50 ofad o mitakaway a maro’ itini.
O maforaway tayra i roma a kitakit a tamdaw no Tominika latek ira ko 100 ofad, haoto cecay loma’ ira ko salawinawina i roma a kitakit, o sakakaay kamaro’an nangra itiraay i Potoriko, isakawali no Amirika, ‘aloman i Sikako ato Niwyok a tokay.
Sowal(語言)
mikawitO sowal no Tominika a kitakit ono Sipangya a kasarayray sowal, nikawrira, marecep no maforaway nani Afrika a tamdaw, KaropiRiyar ato Amirika a punka, orasaka, o malasowalay to no itiniay a Sowal no Sipanya ato i Sipanyaay a sowal ira ko kasatongasod. O maforaway nani Hayti a tamdaw o Korior ko sowal, mangalefay i kasala’edan no kitakita. O itiraay i kawali no saka’amisan a Samana a pala nani 19 sici ira ko nani Amirikaay a teloc no Kohetingay tamdaw maro’ itini,o masasiromaay a sowal no Ikiris ko hasowal nangra.
Itira i pilafinan no lafang i tokay ono Ikiris ko hasasowal, nikawrira, ano tayra i niyaro’ ono Sipanya to a sowal ko hasasowal.
O maro’ay itini a Kuwaping a tamdaw, sahetoay misakuwapingay cowa ka fana’ somowal to Sipanya a sowal, ano irairaay cowa ka hakowa ko mafana’ay tamdaw.
Punka(文化)
mikawitI saka 2 folad, o sakakaay a lisin no Tominika ira ko La Vega (鬼節), o kakahemekan no tamtamdaw konini a lisin, nani saka 2 folad tahira i saka 3 folad a saka enem no pilipayan, ira ko lawla kasaniyaniyaro’.
I tata’angay a tokay ira ko Palalifetan to Koko’, i kalo sakatolo ato sakaenem no pilipayan ira ko Palalifetan to koko’ a palalifet,mihayan no rikec ko pipakiyaw itini, tata’ang ko midemakan a payso, itaihi no Palalifetan to Koko’ ira ko pili’epahan, onini ’i,mato mala no tato’asan a kalawlaan no Tominika a tamdaw.