Egypt
Aykipto(埃及)
mikawitAykipto-Arapiya Kapolongan-kitakti(埃及阿拉伯共和國; Arapiya a swoal:جمهورية مصر العربية）, kalopitahidang a ngangan:埃及; Arapiya a sowal:مصر)
mikawitO itiraay i Saka’amisan-Afrika a kitakit.o kahiceraan no Katelangan-Ponka no hekal ko itiyaay ho Katelangay-Aykipto, malalilafangay ato Tosay-’alo a ponka, nikawrira, itiya i makowan no Kirisiya ato Roma-tamdaw, Katelangay-Aykipto a ponka nirnir sato a makedi’ o ponka to no Arapiya ko miceroray. Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood, i 1953 miheca mapatireng no Arapiya-tamdaw ko Aykipto Kapolongan-kitakit, o kaitiraan nona nipatirengan kitakit mi’awasay to tosa a karopaw, o Aciya ato Afrika, Ninay-Pecihay-kanatal(西奈半島; Arapiya a sowal:شبه جزيرة سيناء；Ikiris a sowal:Sinai Peninsula) itiraay i sakatimoal-saka’etipan no Aciya(ska’etipan-Aciya), o roma a kakahaday a sera itiraay i Saka’amisan-Afrika.
Islam-Pitooran ono kitakit a pitooran, sahetoay o mitooray to Sini-kasafelaw(遜奈與大眾派;Arapiya a sowal:أهل السنة والجماعة; Romaan:Ahl ūs-Sunnah wa āl-Jamāʿah) no Islam pitoora ko Aykipto-tamdaw, o sakakaay a mamangay-pitooran a kasafelaw o Kopoto Mo’ecelay-kasafelaw(亞歷山大科普特正教會; Kopoto a sowal:Ϯⲉⲕ̀ⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ; Romaan:Ti.eklyseya en.remenkimi en.orthodoxos). ira ho ko roma a misakeristoay ato Sinyie-Kasafelaw no Islam pitooran.
Ono sifoan a sowal o Arapiya-sowal, matenekay ko sowal no Ikiris ato Fransu a sowal. Ika’ayaway ko rayray no kacemahad no saka’orip no Aykipto i Sifo’ay-Sakawalian a Etal(中東; Ikiris a sowal:Middle East; Arapiya a sowal:الشرق الأوسط).
O sakakaay a kitakit i Saka’amisan-Afrika, Sifo’ay-Sakawalian a Etal ato Muslin ko Aykipto, o isifo’ay heca ko rayray itini i hekal.[1] O mamacemahaday ho ko Aykipto,o Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw( 人類發展指數;Human Development Index) i saka 97 ko rayray itini i hekal. O sakatolo a cemahaday ko saka’orip itini i Afrika, ano do’edoen ko GDP a pisa’osi o saka 33 ko rayray itini kasakitakit, nikawrira, ano itnien i ‘icel no nipi’aca to dafong ka pisa’osi itiniay I saka 20 ko rayray i kasakitakit.
O cefang no Inheko, Cowa Pisakakinih-Lekatep(不結盟運動), o Arapiya Kitakit-Lekatep(阿拉伯國家聯盟; Arapiya a swoal:جامعة الدول العربية ), Afrika-Lekatep(非洲聯盟;Fransu a sowal:Union africaine; Ikiris a sowal:African Union; Arapiya a sowal:الاتحاد الأفريقي ) ato Nikapapadang-Saopo no Islam(伊斯蘭合作組織; Arapiya a sowal:منظمة التعاون الإسلامي; Ikiris a sowal:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation; Fransu a sowal:Organisation de la coopération islamique) a mipatirengay kitakit ko Aykipto.
2015 miheca, o Citodongay to Ska’oripa a Kalomaocan(EEDC),Citodongay to Misahalaka-Demak malaheci a malinah tayra fa’elohay katayalan no sifo, palisomad to kakinco’ no tamdaw i tatapangan tokay a Kayro. O ikor to a kalinah manarnar i 2021 miheca saka 7 folad, nikawrira, tahanini ca ho kalaheci.[2]
Ngangan no kitakit(國名)
mikawit
O aykipto sanany a sowal i,o nani Katelangay-Ikirisiya sowal to pitahidang to “Αἴγυπτος”（Aigyptos）, sano Latin a sowal o “ Aegyptus ”, Fransu a sowal o “ Égypte ”, Ikiris a sowal o “ Egypt” hananay, onini i, o mararaway a pitahidang no Katelangay-Ikirisiya tamdaw to syoto o Monfis(Hekaptah) no Katelangay-Aykipto, o “ tota-kawas a loma’ ” sanay ko tatapangan a imi nonini sowal, o pita’ongan a loma’ no Monfis konini a nitoro’an, ikor to i, malocimil no Monfis. I katelangan A rapiya-tilid o “ miers”(صر Miṣr) o “مَصر Maṣr” hananay ho a mitahidang, o nanicaliwan nani Alamo-tilid, o “ kakahaday-kitakit”sanay ko imi nonini.
O katelangay-Aykipto o “ Kaymis” ano ca o “ Kaymi”(kemet), o “ kohetingay-sera kitakit”sanay ko imi nonini.[3]o malakafafitay aniniay a Kopot-tilid o Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ（Khēmi）hananay.
Rikisi(歷史)
mikawitKatelangay-Aykioto tahira Sasifo’an-sici(古埃及到中世紀)
mikawitTadahalafinay ko rikisi no Katelangay-Aykipto, o cecay no Sakakaay Pauranrang-kitakti. Oya Katelangay Aykipto a payrangrang ato ponka yo matekop ko Katelangay-Aykipto cowa ka maparocok, tahanini to nga’ o Mikakarkaray ko pakakelaay a pasadaken i hekal. Talacowa adihay ko makeraay a nalacolan, cowa ka adihay ko kafana’an no tamtamdaw to Katelangay-Aykipto a rikisi.
I’ayaw ni Yiesoan a mihecaan to 4000 miheca ira to ko marayrayay a niyaro’an-kitakit(城邦;City state) anini ira a makera ko i’yaw ni Yiesoan-miheca to 3400 mihecaan a Sikipang-Fancalay-cudad(聖書體). Do’edoen ko nitilidan itini tona sikipang,ci Falaw Rarikah-Honti(蠍王二世;也被稱為蠍子王 katelangay Aykipto-sowal:latek o Selkano ca o Weha) to ko palacecayay to ninian a Niyaroan-kitakit, patirengen ningra ko Malacecayay Hotinan-kitakit.
I’ayaw ni Yiesoan a mihecaan latek 3100 miheca, malitosa a mapecih ko Katelangan-Aykipto to Fafa’eday ato La’enoay Aykipto, ikor ci Falaw-Minis ko miliyaway a palacecay.
I’ayaw ni Yiesoan to saka 11 sici tahira i saka 7 sicia, satikotiko sa a macowat no Yaso,Posi, Maciton ato Roma Hontian-kitakit ko Aykipto.
I saka 4-7 sici, mapateko i Sawalian Roma-Hontian-kitakit.
Isasifo’an no saka7 sici, mi’eco ko Arapiya-tamdaw patireng to Arapiya Hontian-kitakit. 640 miheca, ma’emin maaro’ no Arapiya-tamdaw ko Aykipto, mala-Arapiya. Tahira to i saka 12 sici, ma’edefay to o Arapiya ko sowal, mitoor to Islam-pitooran, maceror no Arapiya ko sapatekpatek ko kahalafin a KatelangayAykipto ponka mala-Arapiya ponka, o itinian a tamdaw cowa to kafana’ toya tata’angay a ‘ekim-‘ipoc(金字塔) ato pita’ongan-’et’et(神殿雕像).
1249 miheca misatapang ko Mamoliwko Sofitay-Kasafelaw ko mikowanay.
1517 miheca micomod ko Torki-tamdaw, malakowan no Awtoman Hontian-kitakit.
Ingataay Anini-mihecahecaan(近代)
mikawitIikor no makowan no Torki to pinapina a mihecaan ko Aykipto, ma’eco heca no Fransu ato Ikiris ato pinapina a kitakit, tona mikownan no roma a kitakit, ira ko itiniay a Muhanmoto-Aliposiya a sawara’an-kitakit.
1798-1801 miheca ma’eco ni Napoliyon to kinacecay.
1882 miheca ma’eco no Ikiris a sofitay.
1914 miheca malapapa’adingen-kitakit(保護國; Ikiris a sowal:Protectorate) no Ikiris.
1922 miheca saka 2 folad saka 28 romi’ad,mapaci’eci no kasakitakit ko Ikiris a mihayi to pisiied no Aykipto, nikawrira, pararid ho a mitatoy to Sapa’ading-Demak,Kalawidang-demak to Kasakitakit ato Mamangay-finacadan a salongoc ko Ikiris,parariday a malanikownan no Ikiris a Taliyokay-fo’is kirakir( 衛星國;Ikiris a sowal:Satellite State), ano do’edoen ko katatilidan no Aykipto ato Ikiris,ano hacowa to manga’ay a pasadak to sofitay ko Ikiris to sapipa’adingaw to kaci’epoc no Ikiris i Aykipto.
Aniniay a Aykipto(現代埃及)
mikawitNirnir sato a miliyas to nipikowan no Sa’etipay-kitakit ko Aykipto, nawhani, ira ko pisiwar no Kapolongan Ca’enot no Arapiya, nikawrira, tahanini ira ho ko fodfod no siyakay caay sa ka salimadac ko ‘orip no tamdawdaw.
Nacar mihecaan(納賽爾時代)
mikawitI 1952 miheca saka 7 folad saka 23 romi’ad makerid ni Nacar ko “paifaloco’ay tatapng no sofitay a saopo” a paka’icel no sofitay a mifelih, mapalasawad ko Faroko-Honti, patireng to “palololay a saopo” mikowan to kitakit, ta malaheci ko pisiied.
1953 miheca saka 6 folad saka18 romi’ad mapalasawad ko honti-faco no sieci, patireng to kapolongan kitakti.
1954 miheca, mapaci’eci ko Ikiris a papiliyas to sofitay nani Aykipto, tahira to i 1956 mihecaan ta malaheci ko piliyas no sofitay no Ikiris, nikawrira, pararid heca a mikowan to Soyisi Tata’angay-ci’eci(蘇伊士運河; Arapiya a sowal:قناة السويس; Romaan tilid:Qanā al-Suways).
1956 miheca alaen ni Nacar ko Soyisi Tata’angay-ci’eci malonokitakit, mapcekil ko Sakatosa Lalood no Sifo’ay-Sawalian(第二次以阿戰爭，也稱蘇伊士運河危機)[4] , o sofitay no Ikiris ato Fransu, Yisli malakapot a milood to Aykipto mapa’ekel ko Sinay-kanatal ato Soyisi Tata’angay-ci’eci etal, mapatay ko pinapina a sofitay cefang no Aykipto, adihay ko nilifongan nangra a tokay no Aykipto to sapipatalawaw to tamdaw ato sofitay no Aykipto. O mapelengay a loma’ cilafad to cecay a ‘ofad, cilafas to cecay patek ko mapatayay, 2 ’ofad ko madoka’ay.
1958 miheca matateko ko Aykipto ato Siliya, patireng to Arapiya Kapolongan-kitakit(阿拉伯聯合共和國,簡稱阿聯;Arapiya a sowal:الجمهورية العربية المتحدة)
1961 miheca saka 9 folad, miliyas ko Siliya to Arapiya Kapolongan-kitakit.
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1967 miheca mapacekil ko Sakatolo Lalood no Sifo’ay-Sawalian, ma’afas ko Sinay-kanatal.(西奈半島; Arapiya a sowal:شبه جزيرة سيناء；Ikiris a sowal:Sinai Peninsula).
Satato-mihecahecaan(沙達特時代)
mikawit1970 miheca yo mapatay ci Nacar congtong, ci Satato (穆罕默德·艾爾·沙達特;阿拉伯語：محمد أنورالسادات）ko mirocokay malacongtong. 1971 miheca saka 9 folad, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to " Aykipto-Arapiya Kapolongan-kita”it".
1978 miheca matatilid ato Islaylo to Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan[5]. 1982 miheca maala patatikor ko Sinay-kanatal, 1989 miheca mapatikor ko Tapa(塔巴;Aykipto a sowal:طابا Ṭāba) i Aykipto.
Muparako-mihecahecaan(穆巴拉克時代)
mikawit
I 1981 miheca saka 10 folad saka 14 romi’ad, itira i pikiningan to sakafalo miheca a pikiningan romi’ad to sapirowan-to-raraw lalood ci Satato, makowan no mitooray to Isalm a sofitay, oya maro’ay i tihi ni Satato, malemed caay ka tama ko laco, ikor to saka 8 romi’ad mapacakat no finawlan ci Muparako malacongtong, sanoyanan sato a midemak to mitekeday-pikowan,tahira i nipalasawad no finawlan ci Muparako, rarid sanay i Nipa’ekeay-rikec ato Nikakaforawan ko Aykipto, mitatoy to ko sofitay to sakowan ta mapalahedaw kona Nipa’ekeay-rikec ato Nikakaforawan.
Nani 2011 miheca saka 1 folad saka 24 romi’ad satapang ko Aykipto to mahapinangay no kasakitakit a Aykipto-lolol, adihay ko langiwngiw no finawlan to aniniay a Muparako congtong, aniniay faco no pikowan ato kalo’orip, orasaka satapang a mikangyi, patangic a papisawad ci Muparako congtong, misa’eli heca to nipifalic to aniniay a faco no pikowan; nikawrira, caay ko mamisawad malacongtong kako sanay ci Muparako, nikawrira, cowa to kasadak to singkiw i 2011miheca saka 9 folad a sakaenem riyad a congtong sanay, nikawrira,cowa ka pihayi ko finawlan to ca’of ni Muparako, rarawraw sato ko kitakit a makakowang,oninian ko sakatenak no mikangyiay nani Mitedalay-Potal tahhira i ka‘edef no kitakit.
2011 miheca saka 2 folad saka 11romi’ad, milekal ko Padangay-congtong ci Awmaer-Solayman to pisawad ni Muparako, o Sakakaay-iingkay no cikowangay-Sofitay ko mirocokay a mikowan to kitakit, o sofitay ko mitatoyay to pacarcaray sakowan. oya sato ‘ayaway congtong ci Muparako ato laloma’an ningra mikalic to hikopta miliyas to syoto to 400 km itirray ipipahanhanan a Samuyiho(沙姆沙伊赫; Arapiya a sowal:شرم الشيخ，意為謝赫灣).
2011 miheca saka 11 folad saka 21 romi’ad, o ratoh no roma a kitakit mitiya,oya Sakakaay-iingkay no cikowangay-Sofitay maosoy ko pipatorod to sakowan i kalotamdawan a saopo, miliyaw heca tayra i maci ko finawlan a mikangyi, micorcor to sofitay misakali’eki a patorod to sakowan to kalotamdan a sifo. itini tona pikangyian no finawlan adihay ko mapatayay ato madoka’ay, nona fa’elohay a pikangyi tenak sato mi’edef to kitakit, tongal sato ko kapa’ekel no sofitay a mihayi to sa’eli no finawlan.i saka 11 folad saka 24 romi’ad, mapaceko’ ko finawlan to piliyokay no sofitay, cowa ka tango’ol ko sofitay to sakowan sanay, iokor to sinkiw no Kalomaocan no kitakit ato sinkiw no congtong itiya to i misetekan a romi’ad a mitayal. Cisowal sa ko sofitay, ano calohen ko pipatorod to sakowan matiya o mifelihay to harateng no finawlan saan, roma soto oya mikangyiay a finawlan,ano caka tangsol a misawad ko sofitay a maro’ i sifo, cowa ko mamalinah nani Mitedalay-Potal saan. I matini pahateray ko rawraw, nikawrira, caloway ko piliyaw heca no karawraw.
2011 miheca saka 11 folad saka 28 romi’ad tahira i 2012 miheca saka 1 folad saka 11 romi’ad, toloen a misakilac ko pidemak sapisingkiw no Finawla-kalomaocan, o laheci nona singkiw o Aykipto Finawlan-Lekatepno Paifaloco’ay-Mo’ecelay Kasafelaw no Islam maala ko 235 iing no 498 kapolongan, malasakakaay a kasafelaw, o ipoco’ay ko harateng a milikotay a “Al-Nour Party” pakaala to 107 iing malasakatosa a sakakaay kasafelaw, o sakatolo o “New Wafd Party” pakaala to 38 iing. O Islam a kasafelaw polongen ko iing ira ko tosa no kakitolo.
2012 miheca saka 6 folad saka 14 romi’ad, o mifelihay to rikec no singkiw ko aniniay a singkiw saan ko Sakakaay Kinpo-Pisawkitan no Aykipto, milekal a palasawad tona fa’elohay a kalomaocan no kitakit. saka 6 folad saka 17 romi’ad, o Sakakaay-iingkay no Cikowangay-Sofitay pasadak to nisalofan to a “Lekal no Kinpo”, falo konisalofan to sapipatolasaw to ‘icel no congtong.[6]
Ikoray no Arapiya-Kacanglahan(後阿拉伯之春時代)
mikawit2012 miheca saka 6 folad saka 24 romi’ad,mipatalahekal ko Sakakaay-Iingkay no Pisingkiwan to Congtong, o kakeridan no Paifaloco’ay-Mo’ecelay Kasafelaw ci Mohanmoto-Muersi no Masalikakaay-Saopo no Muslin malowid ningra ko i’ayaway a congli ci Aysato-Safiko maala malacongtong, na misawad ci Muparako congtong o sa’ayaway ho konini o finawlan ko mitopaay a singkiw no congtong. Saka 8 folad saka 2 romi’ad, satapng ko congli ci Sasimo-Kantilo a mipatireng to malatangay a matayal.[7] saka 8 folad saka 12 romi’ad, midemak to tata’angay a tayal to mifalic to kakeridan no sofitay, o Citodongay to Sapipa’ading to kitakit a tayal ci Apotola-Fatahe-Saysi ko miceroray ci Mohanmoto-Haysan-Tantawi ko matoro’ay,o Citodongay to sakakaay a komong no sofitay ci Sami-Anan i, ci Sitoci-Soposi ko matoro’ay a miceror; patokeleda han palasawaden no Sakakaay-Cikowangay Sofitay-Iingkay i saka 6 folad saka 17 romi’ad koya mitolasay to ‘icel no congtong a nisalofan a kinpo, o fa’elohay a kinpo halifatay tona romi’ad; ona sowal tonini mapaceker no sofitay, onian i,o sapipanatektekan to nisinkiwan a sifo sanay kominengnengay tona demak, nornor sato ko tapang no sofitay miliyas to demak no sifo sarocod sa patayal to sapisimaw to kitakit, o nisinkiwa a kalotamdaw a sifo ko mamatayal tona sifo a tayal.[8]
2013 miheca miliyaw ci Mohanmoto-Muersi sapifalicaw to kinpo, sapolaheciaw to kalotamdawan a sifo, mapatalaw ko nikacidafong no sofitay.
2013 miheca mapacekil ko pinapina a pikangyi no finawlan, milongoc to sapipasawad ci Mohanmoto-Muersi. I saka 7 folad saka 3 romi’ad,o kakaeridan no sofitay ci Apotola-Fatahe-Saysi paliten nangra ko congtong a pala’idef, toro’ han ci Atoli-Mansoer ko pacarcaray malacongtong, milekal ko sofitay lakamkam to a midemak to singkiw no Kalomaocan no kitakit ato congton, mifalic to kinpo to sakanga’ay ni Apotola-Fatahe-Saysi malacongtong.[9] to ikor to i,irako picoker no Salikaka-Saopo no Muslim sa pararid ko mikangyiay micoker ci Mohanmoto-Muersian patatikor malacongtong, kinapinapina a mali’odot ko mikangyiay ato sofitay adihay ko mapatayay ato madoka’ay.[10] tadatata’angay ko karawraw no siyakay no Aykipto. I saka 8 folad saka 14 romi’ad o Rihadayay-Sofitay no Aykipto ’asiken nangra koya kaitiraan no micokeray ci Mohanmoto-Muersian a tamtamdaw, ira ko sa’osi 525 ko mapatayay tamdaw ato 3717 ko madoka’ay tamdaw.[11] Salikaka-Saopo no Muslim patokitok heca a micoker to mikangyiay a tamtamdaw, mamalapecihaw sato ko kitakit.[12]
2014 miheca, laheci sato ci Saysi malacongtong.
2015 miheca, midemak to fa'elohay a singkiw, ira ko pipadang no sofitay saka maala malacongtong ci Saysi, mipa’ekel to Kitakitan-Kalomaocan.
Kaitiraan(地理)
mikawitO kakahad no sera no Aykipto ira ko 1,001,450 km² mihawangay to Aciya ato Afrika, i Afrikaay a sera ko ikakakaay ko kakahad, o roma sa i,o ikatimolay no Soyis-Cilis a Sinay-Pecihay Kanatal itiraay i katimolan no saka’etipa no Aciya. Ira ko siikeday a kaitiraan no Aykipto:o lalan mido’edoay to Aciya ato Afrika a karopaw; iriyaran i,pakayra i Soyisi-Cilis (蘇伊士運河; Arapiya a sowal:قناة السويس; Romaan tilid:Qanā al-Suways) ato Kahengangay-Riyar macatores ato Sifo’an-Riyar ato Indo-Riyar. Orasaka, itini i nitilidan no rikisi, o kakala’afasan no icowacowaay a kitkit. O aniniay a Aykipto isak’etipan malafiyaw ato Lipiya, ikatimol mada’edo’edo ko sera ato Sotan, isakawalian misi’ayaw to Kahengangay-Riya, madado’edo’edo ko sera ato Palestan,Isli, isaka’amisan o Sifoa’an-Riya.
O polong no kitakit sahetoay o tafotafokan mahaop ko 95 %. O sa’akawangay a lotok o Kaysalin-lotok, nani tongoh no riyar ira ko 2,629 laya’. O sato’edaway i hekal a Niro-’Alo nani katimol pasi’amis a romakat ko ‘edef no Aykipto, o kakaya’ i Aykipto ira ko 1350 km,o kakahad no salawcan ira ko 3-16 km, o dihecoay a tata’man, tahira to isaka’amisan no syoto Kayro malatoloay-karimoco’. Tona salawacan no ‘alo a ta’eman ato toloay-karimoco’ a sera edengan 4% no polong no sera no Aykipto, nikawrira, o polong no tamdaw no Aykipto mahaop ko 99% itiniay a maro’.o mitongoday to Aciya, Afrika ato Yoropa ko Soyis-Cilis. O sakakaay a Nikarkaran-fanaw ira ko Tata’angay-ko Fanaw ato Timosahe-Fanaw, ato Yaswin-Tifo, malasakakaay a nikarkaran a fanaw i Afrika, ona Nasayer-tafa ira ko 5000 km².
Sepat ko sakilac no pala:[13]
Kasasa’oawac no Nilo’Alo(尼羅河谷)
Sa’etipan-Tafotafokan(西部沙漠)
Sawalian-Tafotafokan(西部沙漠)
Sinay Pecihan-kanatal(西奈半島)
Tahira i 2021 miheca saka 10 folad , o polong ira ko 1’ok 240 ofad ko tamdaw.
O sakakaay a finacadan ira ko Hamo-finacadan(Aykipto-Arapiya tamdaw, Kopoto-tamdaw, Pitoin-tamdaw, Popoer-tamdaw) mahaop ko 99%, o roma i,o Nupiya-tamdaw, Kirisiya-tamdaw,Alminiya-tamdaw, Teloc no Italiya-tamdaw ato teloc no Fransu-tamdaw dengan 1%.
Mahaop ko 60% a tamdaw no Aykipto i safaay no 30 ko mihecaan. Yo malacongtong ho ci Muparako(穆罕默德·胡斯尼·穆巴拉克; Arapiya a sowal:محمد حسنى سيد مبارك; Muḥammad Ḥusnī Sayyid Mubārak) ,misa’icel a mipenec to sakacaay ka tognal no tamdaw. I 2011 miheca misawada sato ci Muparako congtong,mirocok ko Salikaka-saopo no Muslin ( 穆斯林兄弟會; Arapiya a sowal:الإخوان المسلمين，Romaan tilid:al-ʾIḫwān al-Muslimīn ) a mikowan, cowa to ka pipecec to ka’aloman no tamdaw, orasaka, i 2021 miheca o nisofocan a tamdaw matongal to 32 ko tamdaw no cecay-patek ko sa’osi, o ikakaay nani 1991 miheca ko ka’aloman notamdaw.[14][15]
Pitooran(宗教)
mikawitItini i Aykipto wataay ko kahinakeran no pitooran nano to’asan, mahaop ko 90% tamdaw no Aikipto mitooray to Islam(Soni Kasafelaw), irako 10% o mitooray to Kopoto-’Mo’ecelay pitooran no Misakristoay, Kopoto-Tinsikiw ato Kirisiya-Mo’ecelay pitooran(希臘正教會; Kirisiya a sowal:Ελληνορθόδοξη Εκκλησία; Ikiris a sowal:Orthodox Church) [16][17][18]. O kopoto-Mo’ecelay pitooran o micidekay nani Sakawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooran[19], ono Aykipto a Kopoto-Mo’ecelay pitooran sahetoay oninian. O siyakay no Islam, mangalefay ko cowa kona sifo a matayal a saopo itira i ngangan no saopo ira aca ko pangangan to Islam anoca Muslim sanay, anoca makakafitay ato harateng, ponka, rikisi, patinako han:Kapah-Muslin Syiewhi(Young Men’s Muslim Association), tada mahapinangay ko pipaini to i ngangan no So’elinay-Kawas ko pitayal to kalodemak, o Kiyokay no Islam ko kahuceraan sanay.
Sowal(語言)
mikawitOno sifoan a sowal o Arapiya-sowal, sahetoay onini ko sowal no tamdaw no Aykipto; o Kopoto-sowal(o nani katelangay-sowal no Aykipto a masafa’elohay a sowal ko nini) itiraay aca misakristoay-kiyokay no Kopoto-tamdaw no Aykipto. O roma i,o Ikiris ato Fransu a sowal itiraay i tata’angay tokay ato mihamhamay to lafang a tayal.
Ono to’asan a sowal no Aykipto(o Niliniay-Tilid) itiya ho i saka 3-4 sici ma’eminay to a maceror no Kopoto-sowal(Kirisiya a mafalicay-tilid). Ikor to no saka 7 sici,yo ma’eco no Muslin ko Aykipto, malosowal sato no itiniay ko Arapiya-sowal, nikawrira, o Kopoto-sowal matenakay ho a kalasowalen itini. Nikawrira, tahira to saka 15 sici cowa to kalasowalen ko Kopoto-sowal i kalo’orip, to ikor to i,ma’emin to Arapiya-sowal ko hasowal no Kopoto-tamdaw.
Saka’orip(經濟)
mikawitO sakakaay a saka’orip no Aykipto-tamdaw i, o liomah, simal-kasolin,mihamhamay-tayal ato mipasadak to matayalay. I 2010 mihecaan a polong mataylay a tamdaw no Aykipto o maomahay mahaop ko 13.5%, misanga’ay to dafong 37.9%, mihamhamay-tayal ira ko 48% , o roma i, ira ko 300 ‘ofad matayalay i Sawti-Arapiya, Kihaway-Kitakit ato Yoropa. O sakakaay mipalomaay to takomod koAykipto i hekal. 1970 miheca malaheci a patireng to Aswen Tata'angay-tafa’ mafelic ko kina’orip no Niro-’Alo, masiwar ko liomah no Aykipto.
Ira ko citanengay a somowal, mapaceko’ ko katongal no tamdaw cowa to ka pakafilo ko kitakit a mopaini to kaka’enen ato saka’orip a dafong, orasaka mokangyi ko tamtamdaw,i 1981 miheca o polong tamdaw no Aikipto dengan 3500 ’ofad, tahira to i 2011 miheca ira ko 8100 ’ofad (latek ira ko 1000 ’ofad o cowa ka pitoki a nisofocan wawa, orasaka, o so’elinay ira ko 9100 ’ofad ko polong a tamdaw sanay ko sowal), nikawrira, o polong a sera to sakiliomah dengan 3%. o lalen a omah no kahacecay tamdaw dengan 0.55 kofo,o maalaay a pinay mapaci’eci a mapakaen ko fatad aca no polong a tamdaw. o kaca ka ‘edeng a kaka’enen ni’acaan i roma a kitakit. to kslomihecaan o ni’acaan a moki ira ko 900 ’ofad ton, o sakakaay ni’acaay nani roma a kitakit itini i hekal.o sakarawraw no siyakay ko ka’aloman no manikaway tamdaw ato away ko tayal a tamdaw, talacowa misawad ci Muparako malacongtong, o sa’eli no “ 1.25 lolol” to sepat: kaka’enen, nitekeday-faloco’, Mo’ecelay-siyakay ato kakangodoan no kalatamdaw, ‘edengan o nitekeday-faloco’ ko malaheciay, o roma a sa’eli caay ka laheci.[20]
Ponka(文化)
mikawit
Ira ko sepat a Rocokan no Hekal itini i Aykipto, mahaop ko 6 a Rocokan-Ponka, ato cecay a Rocokan-pala:
1.Apomina(Rocokan-ponka,1979; 阿布米那; Arapiya a sowal:أبو مينا）
2.Tipis katelangay niyaro’ ato tadem(Rocokan-ponka,1979; 底比斯; Kirisiya a sowal:Θῆβαι）
3.Nalacolan no Islam i Kayro(Rocokan-ponka,1979; 開羅伊斯蘭老城; Ikiris a sowal:Historic Cairo;Fransu a sowal:Le Caire historique).
4.Monfis(Aykipto) ato Tadem(孟菲斯 (埃及);Arapiya a sowal:ممفس; Aykipto-Araoiya a sowal:ممفيس; Ikirisiya a sowal:Μέμφις),nani Cisa tahira i Tayhefoer a ‘Ekiman-‘Ipoc a Etal(Rocokan-ponka,1979).
5.Nupiya-Nalacolan nani Aposinpayle-Pita’ongan tahira i Filay-Pita’ongan. (Rocokan-ponka,1979).
6.Siekiyasalin-Pica’enotan(聖凱薩琳修道院;Kirisiya a sowal:Μονὴ τῆς Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης) (Rocokan-ponka,2002).
7.Ciris no ‘iso(鯨魚谷; Arapiya a sowal:وادي الحيتان; Ikiris a sowal:Wadi Al-Hitan). (Rocokan-pala,2005).[21]
,_Pyramid_of_Khafre_(left_to_right)._Cairo,_Egypt,_North_Africa.jpg)
Mihamhamay-tayal(旅遊)
mikawitTada patahtahay to pisalamaan ko Aykipto, nawhani iraay ko kakaya’ay a rikisi ato kemoday-ponka, i 2009 ato 2010 miheca, mata’elif ko Sawti-Arapiya o sakakaay ko ka’aloman no lafang itini i Sifo’an-Sawali, tada tata’ang ko kaci’etan no mihamhamay-tayal no Aykipto, malasatoko no saka’orip ko nini.[22]
Pacefaday a tilid(註腳)
mikawit- ↑ "Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?". International Studies Review. 9.
- ↑ 有片丨埃及計劃年底遷都 中國提供基建力量. 香港商報網. 2021-03-18 [2021-05-06]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-06）.
- ↑ Antonio Loprieno, "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology", in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p 449
- ↑ 英文常用蘇伊士運河危機（Suez Crisis）、蘇伊士運河戰爭（Suez War）或1956年戰爭指稱此次事件，阿拉伯世界則常以三方衝突（العدوان الثلاثي）稱呼之，其它名稱尚有西奈戰爭（Sinai war）、蘇伊士-西奈戰爭（Suez-Sinai war）、1956年以阿戰爭（1956 Arab-Israeli War）、第二次以阿戰爭（Second Arab-Israeli War）、蘇伊士運河戰役（Suez Campaign）、西奈戰役（Sinai Campaign）、卡德墟戰役（Kadesh Operation）或火槍手行動（Operation Musketeer）
- ↑ Camp David Accords – Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [2020-06-15]. （原始內容存檔於2011-09-03）.
- ↑ 埃及軍方出臺《憲法宣言》修正案 擴大政治權力. 人民網. 2012年6月18日. （原始內容存檔於2021年1月16日）.
- ↑ Abdel Latif Wahba and Tarek El-Tablawy. Egypt's New Government Prepares to Take Helm of Nation. Bloomberg. 2 August 2012 [12 August 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-12）.
- ↑ 埃及軍方表態支持總統莫爾西. 國際在線. 2012-08-14. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-17）.
- ↑ 埃及政府临时推迟对示威者清场 以免“血腥冲突”. 中國新聞網. 2013年8月13日. （原始內容存檔於2021年1月16日）.
- ↑ 埃及政府临时推迟对示威者清场 以免“血腥冲突”. 中國新聞網. 2013年8月13日. （原始內容存檔於2021年1月16日）.
- ↑ Egypt death toll rises to 525 amid state of emergency. The Associated Press. [2013-08-15]. （原始內容存檔於2013-09-04）.
- ↑ 外媒：埃及公共社会崩溃 最可怕是民众思想对立. 中國新聞網. 2013年8月13日. （原始內容存檔於2021年1月16日）.
- ↑ 改寫自《非洲地理》104~106頁，1983年9月三版
- ↑ 埃及出生率止跌回升. 紐約時報中文網. 2013-05-06 [2014-05-27]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-16）.
- ↑ 埃及人口增速創歷史新高 造成多重負面社會影響(圖). 國際在線. 2014-02-17 [2014-05-27]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-07）.
- ↑ Demetrios J. Constantelos, Understanding the Greek Orthodox Church, Holy Cross Orthodox Press 3rd edition (March 28, 2005)
- ↑ L. Rushton, Doves and magpies: village women in the Greek Orthodox Church Women's religious experience, Croom Helm, 1983
- ↑ Paul Yuzyk, The Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada, 1918–1951, University of Ottawa Press, 1981
- ↑ ORTHODOX | Meaning & Definition for UK English | Lexico.com. Lexico Dictionaries | English. [2021-10-16]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-23） （英語）.
- ↑ 新闻点评：马尔萨斯魔咒——几乎无解的埃及. 鳳凰網. 2013年8月15日. （原始內容存檔於2020年6月7日）.
- ↑ Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley) - World Heritage Site - Pictures, info and travel reports. [2009-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-02）.
- ↑ Ci Safulo ko mitiliday.