Jamaica
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Yamayka(牙買加; Ikiris a sowal:Jamaica) mikawit
O itiraay i Karopi-Riyaran a kanatal kitakit, o kakahad no sera ira ko 10,990 km²[1] o sakatolo ko katata’ang[2] i Tata’angay Antilis-Kanatanatal(大安地列斯群島;Ikiris a sowal:Greater Antilles; Sipanya a sowal:Antillas Mayores).2 o kaitiraan no Yamaka itiraay i katimol no Kupa latek 145 km, i saka’etip no Isponiawla[3] to 191 km.
O kamaro’an no somowalay to Alawako-sowal a Alawako-tamdaw ato Tayno-tamdaw itiyaho, to ikor ma’eco no Sipanya a mikowan. O itiniay a yuincumin caka pakafilo to Yamayka Maota’ay-Adada( 牙買加嘔吐病;Ikiris a asowal:Jamaican vomiting sickness)orasaka, ’aloman ko mapatayay,onian ko pisa’aloman no Sipanya a mirepet to koli nani Afrika mamalamatayalay i Yamayka. 1494 miheca, tahini ci Karonpo i Yamayka, 1509 miheca malanicowatan-sakowan no Sipanya ko Yamayka.i 1655 miheca o Ikiris to ko mi’ecoay, i 1866 miheca malanicowatan-sakowan no Ikiris. 1962 miheca saka 8 folad saka 6 romi’ad milekal to pisiiked, iro matini o Cisalongocay-Kitakit itini i lalomaan no Tata'akay-Ikiris Lekatep(大英國協;Commonwealth of Nations).
O polong a tamdaw no Yamayka ira ko 290 ’ofad, o sakatolo ko ka’adihay no somowalay to Ikiris a kitakit i Amirika-Karopaw,[4] o sakasepat ko ka’adihay ko tamdaw i Karopi-Riyar. O skakaay ato syoto Cinston tokay. Ona maro’ay itini a tamdaw saheyoay o teloc no nani satimolan no Sahara-Tafotafokan a Afrika tamdaw, ira ko ’alomanay ciramramay to ’ilang no Yoropa ato Aciya a tamdaw.
Rikisi (歷史) mikawit
I ‘ayaw ni yiesoan to saka 5 sici o kamaro’an tono Alawako-finacadan no Amirika-Karopaw ko Yamayka, ona ngangan tonini Yamayka sanay i, o nani sowal no Alawako to “Xaymaca” o “ pala no nanom ato kilang” sanay ko imi ningra.
1494 miheca macakat ci Kolompo itini, 1509 miheca milekal ko Sipanya o Nicowatan-Sakowan ko Yamaka saan, falic han ko ngangan to Sietiyako(Santiago). Kalakolien no Sipanya koya itinitiniay a maro’ a yuincumin, oninian ko sakalahedaw no Alawako-tamdaw, to nika lalood, adada ato kalakoli. O sapiparoaw to mamatayal a tamdaw ko Sipanya, nani 1517 miheca satapang paliwal to koli i Yamayka, orasaka matongal ko ka’aloman no Kohetingay-tamdaw, to ikor malasakakaay a finacadan. 1538 miheca, patireng to Pisitalaan-Niyaro’ ko Sipanya, malosyoto no Yamayka.
Nani saikoran to no saka 16 sici a misatapang, kataharifaan malood no riyaran-kokong no Fransu,Inkolan, Holan.1655 miheca saka 5 folad, o kalakapotan ni Wilin-Pin aci Lawpo-Winapoers mikeridan riyaran-sofitay no Ikiris mi’eco to Yamayka. Tangasol han nangra a mitahidang koya riyaran-kokong tayra i sakakaay a minato Heyaer-minato(hontian-minato), mipadang a misimaw a mikacaw to pico’ay no Sipanya. Itira to i 1657 miheca tahira i 1658 mihecaan, kinapinapina a milood ko Sipanya nani Kupa, nikawrira, sahetoay malowiday no Ikiris.
1670 miheca, do’edoen ko “Matoli kakaketonan tilid” laheci han to no Sipanya a pafeli ko Yamayka i Ikiris, o Ikiris sato tangsol han to a malakamaro’an no riyaran-kokong itini, i 1692 miheca i ‘ayaw no katekopan no Heyaer-minato, o “syoto” no riyaran-kokong kona minato. Ikor to i, salofen a misongila’ no Ikiris ko Cinston, nornor sato malakahiceran-tokay no Yamayka.
Toikor to 150 mihecaan,malacinganganay nipasadakay i hekal to Tefos, Lamo-’epah ato kafi ko Yamayka. O sapipa’adingaw to ‘adihayay a pipaloman to losay, patireng to Hontian-Afrika Kosi(皇家非洲公司; Ikiris a sowal"Royal African Company) ko Ikiris i 1672 miheca, misa’aloman a paliwal to kohetinay-koli nani Layong-Kitakit. ma’asiay ta to ko pipalakoli, cilacila icowacowa palolo sato ko kohetingay-koli, mangalefay, patireng sanay to misiikeday niyaro’ i lotolotokan, o Malong-tamdaw hananay a mitahidang. 1831 miheca,Samuer-Syapo keriden ningra ko kohetingay-tamdaw mipcekil to Kerismas-Pilolol, talacowa caka pakamo’etep ko romi’ad malowiday to kona pilolol, misorot to pinengnengen no ‘alomanay tamdaw no Ikiris. Ira ko sowal no micekiway tona fodfod, oninian ko saka pipalasawad to Koli-faco no Ikiris i 1834 miheca saka 8 folad saka 1 romi’ad. Toikor to, rihaday to mamang ko 'orip no koli. I 1865 mihea ira h.ko tata’angay pirawraw no koli o Rawraw i Molanto-Kihaw( 莫蘭特灣暴動; Ikiris a soal:Morant Bay Rebellion), 1866 miheca milekal ko Ikiris to malatangsolay-sakowan( 直轄殖民地; Ikiris a sowal:Crown colony) no Ikiris ko Ymayka. I kaleponan no saka 19 sici, nornor sato a mafadi’ kono tefoas a tayal, pacofay sa i, o pawli to konipalomaan. 1872 miheca laheci sato malasyoto no Yamayka ko Cinston-tokay.
To ikor to pina ko mo’etep a mihecaan,nornor sato a cemahad ko saka’orip no Yamayka, nikawrira, o ‘orip no kalotamdaw ato kacemahadaw no punka iraay ho ko pipa’ekel no micowatay-pikowan. Mangalefay i kanikawan a mihecaan, adihay ko langiwngiw no finawlan. 1939 miheca pakarawraw ko polong a matayal. Ikor to, o tapang no micowatay-pikowan mapaci’eci a patorod to niyah-pikowan salongoc, 1944 miheca, midemak to kapolongansimkiw.
1958 miheca mikapot ko Yamayka i Sa’etipan-Indo Patekoan-kitakit, nikawrira, i 1961 miheca na’ayen no finawlan kona Patekoan-kitakit a kakaketonan tilid, sawad sato ko pikapot no Yamayka tona Patekoan-kitakit.
1962 miheca saka 8 folad saka 6 romi’ad milekal to pisiiked ko Yamayka, ikor no pisiiked mikapot to Tata'akay-Ikiris Lekatep(大英國協;Commonwealth of Nations).
2006 miheca saka 3 folad saka 30 romi’ad, paloko to mamatayal to congli ci Posiya-Miro( 波蒂亞·柳克麗霞·辛普森-米勒;Portia Lucretia Simpson-Miller) o sa’ayaway nakairaan no rikisi a fafahiyan congli.
Kaitiraan (地理) mikawit
O kaitiraan no Yamaka itiraay i katimol no Kupa latek 145 km, i saka’etip no Isponiawla to 191 km, i saka’etipan no Hayti to 118 km. O kakahad no sera ira ko 10,911 km². O sakatolo ko tata’ang i Tata’angay Antilis-kanatanatalan, mido’edoay to Kupa-kanatal ato Isponiawla-kanatal. I ngata no lilis no riyar isakatimolan ira ho mamangay a kanatal. Ipangtaay riyar ira ko rakarakan. Ano do’edoen ko faco no sera, kalitoloen a mikilac ko Yamayka: sakawalian-tokos, sasifo’an tata’eman ato kasapangcahan ato dafdaf i lilisa no riyar. O sa’akawangay a masapangcahay ko Lansan-tokos. Ikaciferangan ira ko faliyos. O kakarayan tosaan ko kasasirom, o fa’edet no romi’ad kinaheray saheto no mihecaan
Ipolong a pala no Yamayka ‘adihay ko lotolotokan, ci’aporay kasapangcahan ato cinemnemay, ililis no riyar ira ko kakahaday a dafdaf.
O kakarayan itini o Fa’edetay ‘oraday-kilakilangan, omisi’ayaway to fali a ’apilisan ira ko 1800-2000mm ko ’orad. Saheto no mihecaan a fa’edet lalen to 27℃.
Saka’orip(經濟) mikawit
O fadito, tefos ato pihamham-tayal ko sakakaay tayal ato ‘etan no Yamayka. O konair no pala o fadito,pakemoday ira ko 19’ok ton, o sakatolo rayray ko katata’ang ihekal. Oroma a tadafakeloh ira ho ko fodawan, marad,’oteng, sin ato ’apol. O kakahad no kilakilangan pala ira ko 26.5 ‘ofad kofo, sahetoay a kalokilang.
O sakakaay a tayal no Ymayka ko pikarkar to fadito. O roma ira ho ko misongila’ay to kaka’enen, nananomen, tamako, maradan-dafong, tinkian-dafong, sapisaloma’ dafong,kakak-dafong ato mitono’oyay,
O omah ira ko 27’ofad kofo, o mitahepoan no kilang a pala mahaop ko 20%.
O sakakaay nipalomaan a losay ira ko tefos ato pawli, oroma ira ho ko koko,kafi ato kahenganay-damdam.
O mihamhamay to lafang a tayal o sakakaay saka’orip ato mili’etanay to payso no roma a kitakit.
Tamdaw ato Punka(人口和文化) mikawit
I 2915 mihecaan a pisa’osi to polong tamdaw no Ymayka ira ko 2,731,832 ko tamdaw. kohetingay ato Molato-tamdaw mahaop ko ikaka no 90%, orama i,o Indo-tamdaw, kohecalay-tamdaw ato Kuwaping.
Itini i Ymayka ira ko mita’ongay to honti no Isopiya ci Hayer-Saylasi Sakacecay a kiyokay o Lastofali-Onto, tadaci’icelay ko pirecep.