Liberia

Liberia（kuwaping a sowal: 賴比瑞亞）

Liberia nikapolongan kitakit (Inkiris a sowal: Republic of Liberia), o sasowalen to Liberia (Inkiris a sowal: Liberia, tengilen i/laɪˈbɪəriə/), o tadasowal pangangan i Liberia nikapolongan kitakit, itiniay i kaetipay no Africa safaniyot mililisay to riyar a kitakit, ka’amis o Guinea, kaetip ka’amis o lion rock, kawali o Ivory Coast, kaetip katimol o Tasiyang a no congtong a nipatatekoan kitakit.

O finawlan no kitakit salongan ira ko 500 ’ofad tamdaw, o dadahal no sera 43,000 pinfang mile (11 ’ofad 1,369 pinfang kongli). O tadasowal no kitakit o Inkiris a sowal, nika oni kitakit ira ko 20 no kasasiroma a sowal no niyaro’ sowal, pahapinang o nia kitakit a finacadan ato kasairaira no ponka. O tadamaanay a maci ato sata’akay maci o Monrovia.

O Liberia nai 19 sician, o micingcingay sacefang no Amilika micokeray to pipatireng to kitakit, oni a sacefang minengneng to kohetingay tamdaw i Africa safaniyot ikaka to i Amilikaay ko nga;ay to pakonira ato kacemahadan no kitakit[4]. Nai 1822 miheca tangasa 1861 miheca o ma lalooday ko laloma’ay no kitakit itiya, ira ko 15,000 no tamdaw i milika to sakisyakay ato sarikec a mapenec a mifades ko sakapakonira ato pakoniraay kasofocan a kohetingay tamdaw[5] milinah tayra i Liberia a sa’etal, onini a maro’ay mihawikid to kaitiraay nangra i Amilika a ponka ato to’asan, mirara mala o Amilika – Liberia ko niyah[6][7].

O Liberia a kimpo ato fayfay mitodongay to no Amilika, o tadamaci o ACS a micokeray ato Amilika congtong ci James Monroe a ngangan ko panganganan. Liberia i 1847 miheca 7 folad 26 romi’ad mihapiw to pisiiked, o Amilika tangasa i 1862 miheca 2 folad 5 romi’ad a mihayda. 1848 miheca 1 folad 3 romi’ad, nao masofocay i Norfolk si no Virginia kanatal o Africa teloc a Amilika cidafongay tamdaw ci Joseph Jenkins Roberts mipadang to Liberia to sapisiiked, nanoya misiiked ko Liberia itiya mala o sa’ayaway congtong, o ngangan no Liberia i Inkiris a sowal “pakonira” (liberty) ato “masedal” (liberated) sanay a sasowalen. I 20 sician, o Liberia ato Ethiopia i Africa safaniyot caayay kacingcing a misiikeday a kitakit.

O sa’ayaway no Africa safaniyot mihapiw to pisiikeday a nikapolongan kitakit ko Liberia, o samato’asay no Africa safaniyot aniniay a nikapolongan kitakit. I Africa safaniyot kacacefisan micingcing miimeray to solongoc a Africa safaniyot a kitakit. I saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal itiya, micokeray to Amilika a milood to Germany ko Liberia, nanoya pakalayap to picoker no Amilika a mipacefong to patireng to tatenaan no kitakit, mapadama ko Liberia a cemahad ato kasenengan no kasakitakit. O Liberia o nipatatekoan i kasakitakit, Linhoko ato Africa safaniyot kapolongan sakapot patirengan.

O maro’ay i Liberia Amilika tamdaw malitemoh nangra ko caayay kasasinga’ay to yincumin no Liberia, mangalef oya ma’oripay mapateked ko i sekalay sa’etal a yincomin. Nicingcingan a sera malefo no sekalay kakeridan no Crewe finacadan ato Grebo finacadan a malipalaw. O maro’ay i Liberia Amilika tamdaw mipalowad micekeroh to selal mipatireng to kiwkay ato pitilidan, mikiwiko to itiniay finawlang[8].

I sa’ayaw, o Amilika a teloc Liberia tamdaw masatadamanay a mimingay selal, mirepet to caayay ka salongan mirepetay to sakowan no sici; tangasa 1904 miheca o yincomin itini to no niyah a sera a malasawad ko sakacingangan no Liberia[8][9].

I 1980 miheca, ci William R Tolbert ko mikowanay to sici a o katalawan mifalic ko sofitay, ci Tolbert i kafalican no sici a mapatay, pahapinang o paherekan no Amilika a teloc Liberia tamdaw itini kitakit ko sakowan, nanoya o Liberia ira ko 20 mihecaan ko caayay ka cekal ko sici itiya. I nano finawlan palowad to kitakit wiyyinhuy 5 miheca ko no sofitay pikowan ato Liberia kitakit kapolongan kasarekad 5 miheca no finawlan sakowan, ikor ira ko laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood to saka 1 ato saka 2 i Liberia. O nia kalalood ci mapatayay to 25 ’ofad tamdaw (salongan 8% ko tamdaw) ato awaayay ko pinakayan a ’alomanay tamdaw, nanoya i laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood o sakasokedet no kicay no Liberia to 90%.

I 2003 mihecaan a kasasinga’ay a katateletelakan, o Liberia itiya to i 2005 miheca citodong to fa’elohay nikapolongan a singkiw, ci Ellen Johnson Sirleaf toya singkiw maala malacongtong, ao misanga’ay to likisi a sa’ayaway fafahiyan congtong i Africa safaniyot kitakit. O pipatireng to parana’an no kitakit ato ona syakay sapatado masasisiwtoc ato 2013 – 2016 mihecaan a masangil no katalawan Ebola virus (salofong), tangasa i 2015 miheca, o kitakit ira ko 83% a tamdaw itiniay a macahiway a ’orip i kasakitakit[11].

Kacedengan romi’ad (節日)

Satadamaanay kacedengan no Liberia o sakicima tamdaw ato no Kristokiw a sacedeng.

Fa’elohay miheca (1 folad 1 romi’ad); patirengan to sofitay (2 folad 11 romi’ad); piasikan to tadam (3 folad saka 2 lipay saka 3 romi’ad); kasofocan ni Roberts congtong a romi’ad (3 folad 15 romi’ad); pitolonan romi’ad (4 folad saka 2 lipay saka 5 romi’ad); papolongan romi’ad (5 folad 14 romi’ad); pisiikedan romi’ad (7 folad 26 romi’ad); pafayfayan romi’ad no kitakit (8 folad 24 romi’ad); kansyasay (11 folad saka 1 lipay a saka 4); kasofocan ni Duberman congtong romi’ad (11 folad 29 romi’ad); Kristmas romi’ad (12 folad 25 romi’ad).

Likisi (歷史)

Nai 1462 mihecaan, madado’edo ko Portugal, Netherland, Inkiris, Fance tayni micingcing, o Europe tamdaw pangangan to itiniay “o damdam a lislis no riyar”, itini mifades a malali’aca to tamdaw. I 1821 miheca o micingcingay sacefang no Amilika i lilisay no riyar patireng to kohetingay tamdaw to “mafolaway sa’etal”. I 1822 miheca tangasa 19 sici 60 mihecaan, o patodong a maro’ay o pakalayap to pakoniraay a nifadesan, o salongan kohetingay tamdaw pacomod iAmilika, pasowal “Monrovia”, I 1824 mihecaan mafalic ko ngangan to Liberia, ikor pasayra to i sekal ko pilenak, i 1838 miheca mapatateko ko kasamafolaway sa’etal, mafalic ko pangangan “Liberia nipatatekoan a kitakit”. O Liberia i 1847 miheca 7 folad 26 romi’ad mihapiw to pisiiked, o sa’ayaway misiikeday aniniay cisalongoc kitakit i Africa safaniyot. O ’ayaway picingcingan no Abyssinia hongti kitakit to Africa safaniyot a misiikeday a kitakit.

I 1878 mihecaan, o True Whig kasarekad midotoc cisakowan to 102 miheca, mi’efet to miliyangay a sarekad a demakan, o nia sarekad malao mihecaan a kasarekad lekakawa patireng to parariday mikowan to halafinay. I 1885 miheca, o Liberia mapidah i Inkiris, pakelac to ka’amisay no Mano ’alo a sera; i 1892 miheca, mapidah haca to France, mapakelac haca to dadahalay Maryland kafolawan sa’etal. Ikor kinapinapina pakelac to sera to Inkiris, France a tasaay kitakit. I 1908 mihecaan itiya, awaayay ho ko masongila’ay a kalangangan.

I 1944 miheca tangasa 1971 miheca, ci William Wakanarath Shadrach Tubman malacongtong to 27 miheca, nanoya pacakat to sakacingangan no yincumin Africa safaniyot a tamdaw, midakdak to kalacecayan no finacadan a telek, misa’icel palasawad to no Amilika kohetingay tamdaw ato no yincumin a kalalaedan. I 1971 miheca mapatay ci Duberman, ci William Richard Tolbert to ko midotocay malacongtong. I 1979 miheca, miliyangay mipalowad to sakarawraw, mapenec no hitay.

I 1980 miheca 4 folad, o nano Crane finacadan congtong a misarokoay kakeridan ci Samuel Canon Doe a 17 sofitay mipalowad mifelih, mafelih ato mapatay ci Tolbert, paherek sa ko halafinay no Amilika teloc Liberia tamdaw to picalap mikowan to kitakit, mala o sa’ayaway kohetingay tamdaw kakeridan no kitakit.

I 1984 miheca, o sakowan ni Doe pafelien ko finawlan mikowan, miliyaw malomaoc, patireng to kimpo. Tona miliyas ci Doe to kalahitay ningra i 1985 miheca maala malacongtong.

I1989 miheca 12 folad 24 romi’ad, Liberia o polong no kitakit maolahay to kitakit a sarekad i Ivory coast patireng to sakapot mamifelih to sifo a hitay, i ci Charles Taylor ko mikeriday milood to Liberia, polong no laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood.

I 1990 miheca 7 folad, oya maolahay to kitakit a sarekad itira i Monrovia, malitosa a sasiiked, oya Liberia mangalef talahenot ko rarawraw no lalood. 8 folad, o Lekatep no Europe miocor to palarihadayay hitay micomod i Monrovia, masasiwtoc to ni Taylor a hitay. O kasakitakit a syakay to ko mipalali’ayay, mipaocor to taypiaw I Banjul ta’angay maci no Gambia a lomaoc, patireng to “polong kitakit marikecay linci a sifo”. I 9 folad, marofo ci Doe, itiya makowang mapatay i lalan no Monrovia. 11 folad, ci Sawyer mapatireng a mala congtong no polong kitakit marikecay linci a sifo, nika liyangen ni Taylor.

I 1991 mihrca 3 folad, o laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood no Liberia macowat to tayra i sakafiyaw a kitakit i Lion rock ato Guinea. I 1993 miheca 7 folad, o kacacofelan kalalood itira i Banning no Cotonou maci malaheci ko katatelek, patireng to limaay tamdaw kitakitan wiyyinhuy satakaraway ’icel mikowan to kitakit. I 1994 miheca 5 folad, masakapot ko pacena’an sifo.

I 1995 miheca, nawhani kasacefang caay ka raheked ko palaisal to kacitodong, malaliyaw haca ko kalalood. 8 folad, masasiocor haca ko kasacefang itira i Abuja maci no Nigeria matatelek, o a enemay tamdaw kitakit ko wiyyinhuy mikotay to limaay tamdaw kitakitan wiyyinhuy. 9 folad, militaw hace ko masakapot ko pacena’an sifo.

I 1996 miheca, misamawmaw ci Taylor mirepet to kakeridan misa’adaay a cefang, saka malaliyaw haca ko laloma'ay no kitakit a malalood, 8 folad, itini i no kasakitakit a syakay pipenec, o kasacefang miliyaw haca masasitelek, mapolong mihayda palasawad to sakarari’ang.

7 miheca ko halafin no laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood cimapatayay ira ko 15 ’ofad no tamdaw, 85 ’ofad no tamdaw ko malafelay finawlan, mamaledoay malasawad ko kicay no Liberia a kitakit.

I 1997 miheca 2 folad, kasacefang mapolong mihayda palasawad to sakarari’ang mipatireng to kasarekad. 7 folad, misingkiw, maala ci Taylor malacongtong. O ’atekakay ko sapi’emet ni Taylor to kitakit, milaheci to sakarihaday no laloma' no kitakit, misatatas palowad to kicay.

Nikawrira, 1999 miheca, ka’amisay no Liberia masadak ko cecay mifelihay to sifo a hitay, katengilan ira ko picoker no Guinea safo, itiya malaliyaw haca to laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood. Tangasa i 2003 miheca, o nisa’etan no sifo a polong no sera ni Taylor toloay ira ko cecay (3/1), o Monrovia talahenotay i kalaloodan. O nano Nigeria a citodongay i kaetipay no Africa kitakit palekapotay miliyaw miocor to parihadayay a sofitay. 8 folad 11 romi’ad, ci Taylor mihapiw to pisawad, pasi micokeray to congtong ci Moses Bulla ko cacitodong to sakowan, itiya milaliw tayra i Nigeria. Talacowa kasakitakit a yimeng sacefang ao ka’anof ato lalood ko patodong to kaciraraw ni Taylor a mirepet, caay ka kahien no Nigeria pasadak. Sacisowal sa dengan o Liberia citodongay i rikec a sakowan ko pasadakay to sapipatayra a salongoc, caay ko mamakahi ko Nigeria ci Tayloran.

I 2003 miheca 10 folad 1 romi’ad, o Linhoko a miparihadayay a sofitay ko citodongay to Liberia, o pipalasawad to laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood a kasacefang a sakarari’ang. Tangasa anini, oya to 5500 tamdaw no Linhoko itiraay i Liberia kitakit. Talacowa o rarawraway a demak caay ka lasawad, nikawrira matayoay ko pipalasawad sakarari’ang a tayal.

I 2003 miheca 8 folad 18 romi’ad, ni Bra a sifo ato kasarekadan a cefang masasi tilid to telek “Accra rihaday kasasitelek”, itiya i 10 folad misakapot patireng to polong kitakit a linci sifo. Itiya mapatoro’ ci Charles Judd Bryant ko kakeridan linci a sifo, itira i 10 folad 14 romi’ad mihapiw patireng.

Mata’elif ko tosa miheca, i 2005 miheca 10 folad 11 romi’ad, i pikantok no Linhoko miliyaw to nikapolongan a singkiw. Sakacecay a pitopaan, ci George Weah ko ka’ayaway, nika caay pakalatosa, nikawrira i 11 folad 8 romi’ad miliyaw to sakatosa i, ci Ellen Johnson Hillleaf pakalowiday a maalaay.

I 2006 miheca, mipatireng ko sifo to so’elinay ato malali’ayay wiyyinhuy, misapalita to nano demak no laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood ato nikalalood no demak a raraw[12]. I 2011 miheca, ci Ellen Johnson Hillleaf congtong mihapiw i 7 folad 26 romi’ad o romi’ad pisiikedan no kitakit[13].

I 2011 miheca 10 folad, o parihadayay tamdaw ci Leymah Gbowee nawhani mikeriday to fafahiyan sakarihaday a onto i 2003 miheca paherek to saka tosa no Liberia a laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood a mapakompay to Nobel peace prize[14].

I 2011 miheca 11 folad, ci Ellen Johnson Hillleaf pado’edo a maala to congtong, pado’edo 6 miheca ko liyad[15].

I 2013 hiheca, oya Ebola virus (lifong) milesap i kaetipay no Africa, saka tosa miheca 3 folad micomod i Liberia, tangasa i 2016 miheca, ira ko 10,675 tamdaw madengaay, ira ko 4,809 tamdaw mapatayay. O i Monrovia tadamaci ira ko 7 tamdaw mapatayay.

I 2017 miheca misingkiw ko Liberia, ’ayaway wa’ayay mali, tadamaanay to i likisi a no Africa safaniyot mimaliay ci George Weah i 2018 miheca 1 folad 22 romi’ad mihapiw mapatireng to congtong[16][17], o saka sepat malakapahay no Africa safaniyot a Ci Weah misekongay to mapoheday, mifalicay to kicay, misekong to mafokilay to tilid ato sapipacakat to saka’orip a congtong ko patosokan a lekadan[20].congtong[18]. I pipatirengan pasowal sa 74 mihecaan sakinacecay no Liberia koni to mirocokay a pita’elifan a kasakapolongan[19].

O kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區域)

O Liberia masasiiked to 15 ko kanatal, o nia kanatal malaisal polong ira ko 90 sa’etal, sahecien ko nian a kasasiiked no finacadan no niyaro’. o sahalafinay a likisi oya tosaay kanatal o Grand Bassa kanatal ato Montserrado kanatal, saheto nai 1839 mihecaan ’ayaw no pisiikedan no Liberia iraay to mapatireng. O Bapolu fa’elohay a kanatal, i 2001 mihecaan mapatireng. O Nimba o sadadahalay a sakowan, ira ko 11,551 pinfang kongli (4,460 pinfang inli), o Montserrado samimingay kanatal, ira ko 737.069 pinfang kongli (1,909.00 pinfang inli) [21]. O Montserrado kanatal o sa’alomanay tamdaw no kitakit, tangasa 2008 miheca a pipalita to tamdaw, polong ira ko 114 ’ofad 4806 ko tamdaw no finawlan[21].

Ona 15 a kanatal o congtong ko patoroday to mamikantok mikowan. O kimpo milongoc to kahacecay no kanatal ato kasaniyaro’ misingkiw to kasakakitaan, nika nawhan kalalood ato sakidafong payso a madahdah, o nia singkiw nai 1985 mihecaan caay sato pisngkiw[22].

Manga’ayay pi’enecen ko cicu no Liberia, mahapinang ko 15 a kanatal.

Saki nia cicu

O no kitakit a kasasiiked a sakowan malalenay to no niyaro’ ato si a kasasiiked a sakowan. Imatinib awaay ho i kimpo mapatodong ano eca mapolongay lekakawa ko sapidemak to sakiniyaro’ a sifo mapatireng ato sapipalasawadaw[23].

Sifo ato sici (政府與政治)

Milecaday to no Amilika a sifo ko Liberia sifo, midotoc “kimpo” a telek, o cecay mapolongay rikec a nikapolongan kitakit ato kakotakotay no kalomaocan a nikapolongan kitakit. Toloay ko malalenay no citodongay midemak no sifo: midemakay, o congtong ko mikeriday; mitelekay, o tosaay a kalomaocan  faco mipatirengay citodongay a masakapot; mitefocay, satakaraway a hoying ato pina a safaay hoying masakapot. [milongoc to naicowaay]

O congtong citodong to tatapangan no sifo, kakeridan no kitakit ato todong kakeridan no sofitay no Liberia[25]. O roma a tayal no congtong halo mitelekay ano eca miliyang to nitelekan no kalomaocan, sapihepol, ato citodong miocor to cacitodong, rikec a tapang ato roma a komoying. O congtong ato micokeray to congtong malakapot, pakayni kinatosaay ko pitopa, a o satakaraway ko paya ko mamaala, 6 miheca ko rekad, sa’adihayay kina 2 rekad[25].

Mitelekay citodongay o fafa'eday kalomaocan ato kararemay kalomaocan sakapot. O kararemay kalomaocan nao cecay ko kakeridan, ira ko 73 ko lomaocay, midotoc to polong no tamdaw nipalitaan i 15 a kanatal a tamdaw ko nipatodongan, kasa kanatal salongan 2 ko lomaocay[25]. Kasacecay no kararemay lomaocay a taypiaw o cecay kanatal nisingkiwan, nai polong no kitakit a singkiw wuyyinhuy nisiikedan, o kaitiraan a pisingkiw a ’etal a finawlan ko misingkiway, maala 6 miheca ko rekad. O fafa'eday kalomaocan nai kasacecay kanatal 2 ko fafa'eday lomaocay sakapot, polong ira ko 30 no fafa'eday lomaocay[25]. O fafa'eday lomaocay 9 miheca ko rekad, nao finawlan ko mitopaay adihayay no singkiw ko maalaay[25]. O micokeray to congtong citodong to kakeridan no fafa'eday lomaocay, ano awaay mikihatiya mikerid o linci a kakeridan ko citodongay.

O satakaraway rikecan citodongay o sakakaay hoying no Liberia, nao 5 ko sakapot, nai Liberia satadamanay mitefocay ko mikeriday. Laloma’an nao congtong ko mitoro’ay micomod i hoying, o fafa'eday lomaocay ko mihaydaay, tangasa 70 mihecaan ko rekad. O rikecan citodongay malaisal o mirakatay mililis a hoying ato sarocoday hoying, misimaw parihaday hoying ato parihadayay tapang[25]. O sakirikecan a faco nai Inkris, Amilika, France a salongan rikec ato kananaman rikec a macacamolan. O no kitakit a maliomahay sa’etal mileko to nanota’asan a pitefoc a faco, ano saasaan ko sifo a mihapiw to no cikawasay a satefoc a patelacay, nika maedef ko no cikawasay a satefoc[26].

Nai 1877 miheca tangasa 1980 miheca, o sifo nai True Whig sarekad ko mirepetay mikowan[27]. Anini, o Liberia polong no kitakit ira ko 20 ko kasarekad mitokiay, o nai tekedan ato finacadan a sakapotan[28]. Nikawarira o ’alomanay a sarekad a masasiroma ko ’icel no sakapot. I 2005 mihecaan a singkiw pahapinang to no kasarekad a congtong awaay ko kacitodong to nitelekan a ’alomanay a todong[28].

Sofitay (軍事)

O sofitay (AFL) no Liberia o sakaci’icel no kitaklit. O nia sofitay (AFL) nai 1908 mihecaan mapatireng, sacingangan sa o hadimalay to lilis no kitakt no Liberia, I 1956 miheca mafalic ko pangangan. Itini i likisi, o Liberia a hitay mapadamaay no Amilika to dafong ato sapinanam. I 1941 – 1989 mihecaan a romi’adan, o sapinanam padamso ko Amilika to pitengilan, saka 2 kalalood no hekal a sapilifet nao mapatodong to nipinanaman. I 2003 miheca 9 folad a Linhoko rihaday licikay saka 1509 haw mahayda to ikor, nano Lihoko a saocoran tahira i Liberia kitakit, to nai Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan ato Congko a parihadayay sofitay a misawkit to paterep no lalood, mipadang to Liberia kitakit a linci a sifo patireng to fa’elohay sofitay no Liberia[29].

O kacacofelan a demak (外交關係)

O nano mitanengay to rarawraw i saka 1 ato saka 2 a laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood, o Liberia i 21 sici a lalomaan a sakacekal saka nga’ay no fiyaw kitakit ato i no Europe a kitakit misafa’eloh masasiwidang. Ato matiya romaroma no Africa safaniyot kitakit, citodong ko Congko to naikoran no lalood patireng a tayal[30]. I ’ayaw, o sakafiyaw a tosaay kitakit a Guinea ato Lion rock o nicokeran to nangra o Liberia a mifelihay a sakapot saan[31].

Sapidemak to rikec ato ciraraway (執法和犯罪)

O imeng no Liberia a kitakit o na no kitakit a imengan. Tangasa i 2007 miheca 10 folad, nai Montserrado kanatal (halo Monrovia) a 33 ko kaitiraan no imeng ira ko 844 ko malaimengay a tamdaw[32]. O nano kitakit a imengan i pitilidan a kakoyin i Paynesvillesi a minanam. O likisi a kapehed no malaimengay sakaserer no pipaso’elin no finawlan ato katadaeca no demak. Salaloma’an no sakarihaday maledeh ko tadaecaan, tongal sa to kalalood no laloma’ay no kitakit o laliyawen a patireng ko no finawlan a sofitay a sakapot, milifet to saki dademakay no finawlan[33].

I kasasiwtocan mihecaan no Liberia itiya, ma’alipay ato mi’odangan mararid. O Liberia a kitakit o sakakaay i hakal ko pi’odang to fafahiyan a miri’ang a kitakit. O nano ma’alipay a demak mararid masowal, makilatolo ira ko cecay (3/1) ko mitiniay a demak. Orasaka o fafahiyan mararid masamsam, ira ko 40% to nano kafana’an a tamdaw ko misamsamay a fainayan[34].

Itini i Liberia, o mararaway i rikec i malecaday ko no fainayan ato no fafahiyan a angilan[35][36]. I 2012 miheca 7 folad 20 romi’ad, o i fafa'eday kalomaocan mapolong mihayda mirikec, milalang to masasi angilay a raramod ao ciraraway ko pisetek[37].

Palapalaan (地理)

No Liberia a lawac no riyar ira ko 537 kongli ko kakaya’. O nano fa’edetay fali ko romi’ad[38], salongan no mihecaan a hemhem solongan 25˚C.

Kaitiraan no Liberia i kaetipay no Africa safaniyot, ngataay saka’amis no tenokay sakonis, kaetip katimol mililisay to Tasiyang, ato katimolay Amilika safaniyot a Brazil milaeday to Tasiyang kasasilaay ira ko 2575 kongli. Kaetip ka’amis ato masasiingiday to Lion Rock, ka’amis mikafit to Guinea, kawali masasilaed to Ivory Coast; polong no kitakit a dadahal ira ko 111369 pinfang kongli.

’Etal no Palaan (地理區)

Malitoloay ko pala no Liberia masaisal a o mililisay to riyar, takaraway dafdaf ato takaraway sera a sa’etal[39].

Mililisay to riyar ’etal (沿海區)

O kaetip katimol mililisay to riyar a sa’etal saheto o apeneray sera a dafdaf, to hatiniay o makirkiray no leno kerah no nanom no riyar, kadofah ko foting to kairaira, dengan toloay a sangoso’an o nga’ayay ko lilis no riyar. Saka cecay a sangoso’an no riyar masalotok, takaraw salongan 304 cm; saka tosa o Mysolado sangoso’, takaraw salongan 91.5 cm; saka tolo o Balmas sangoso’ no Maryland kanatal, o takaraw salongan 30.5 cm.

Takaraway dafdaf ’etal (高原區)

I aikoray no lilisay no riyar a sa’etal o takaraway dafdaf ’etal a rengosan, salongan ko takaraw ira ko 915.5cm. kaetip ka’amis o Mandingo takaraway dafdaf, tangasa i salawacan.

Takaraway sera a sa’etal (高地區)

O takaraway sera a sa’etal i saka’amisay no Liberia mikiting to no Guinea ato Ivory Coast a sa’etal, poeneray a lotolotok caay kalalen, o takaraway 1524 cm.

Nanoman rocok (水系)

’Alo (河流)

I laloma’ no Liberia a tada ’alo ira ko Mansa ’alo, Roffa ’alo, sao paulo ’alo, Saint John ’alo ato Gavala ’alo; toni a Mansa ’alo o no Liberia ato Lion Rock a kalingangan a ’alo, o Gavala ’alo o Liberia ato Ivory Coast kalingangan a ’alo. Laloma’ay no kitakt a mimingay ’alo ira ko Morrow ’alo, Dukvi ’alo, Strong ’alo, Farmington ’alo, Sankun ’alo ato Xinao ’alo, awaay ko cecay ’aloan iraay ko ikakaay no 32 kongli ko sakanga’ay a rakaten, polong no ’alo saheto micomoday i Tasiyang.

Fanawan (湖泊)

I laloma’ no kitakit ira ko tata’angay fanaw o itiniay i Mount Ohmi kanatal a Fisherman (Mifotingay) fanaw, ano eca Picasso (Pakaenay) fanaw han ko sowal; ira ho ko cecay tata’akay fanaw i Maryland Kanatal a Shepherd fanaw.

Palapalaan (島嶼)

I laloma’an no kitakit ira ko tadamaanay a pala o Monte Sarando niyaro’ sakowan a God (Kawas pala) ato Bushillo pala, ato sasifo’an a kanatal a Dubilly pala ato i laloma’ay no Maryland sakowan a Die (patay) pala.

Kafafalic no romi’ad (氣候)

O mingataay to sasifo’ay sakonis ko Liberia a sera; talacowa o fa’edetay ko romi’ad, nika awaay ko no fa’edetay mararid ira ko ciherang ato micepa’ay ato caayay ka nga’ay ko someletay a romi’ad. Safa’edetay folad i saka 2 folad ato 3 folad, o hemhem tangasa 32.2˚C (W 90˚). Sasi’enaway a folad i 8 folad ato 9 flad, o romi’ad a falawfaw matefad 18.3˚C (W 65˚).

O lilis no riyar a sa’etal nawhani no riyar a seriw a fali, pasaemelay to tamdaw; sasekalay ira ko dadaya si’enaw tangasa cikarapoyay ko lotok. O kaso’emetan romi’ad o cifaliay ato macidalay romi’ad, kafo’edasan ira ko katefad no karapoy, orasaa caay ka sapinangan. Nika to mihecaan i 11 folad tangas aroma miheca to saka 4 folad o kafo’edasan romi’ad, 5 folad tangasa 10 folad o so’emetay romi’ad. I 7 folad ano eca 8 folad ira ko mato’etoay 2 lipay a tadengalay romi’ad, o sasowalen “kafo’edasan romi’ad”. Laloma’an no kitakit awaay ko kafodo’an, lonen ato faliyos.

Kicay (經濟)

O maomahay kitakit ko Liberia, pihapiw no Linhoko o masararemay ko kacemahad a kitakit i hekal. Polongen ko maomahay tamdaw ira ko 70%, manga’ayay maomahen a sera no kitakit ira ko 380 ’ofad kofo, tahamatini caay ho katangasa i 15% ko kacemahad, cango’otay kokakaenen. O tamdaw no kitakit a GDP i 1980 miheca tangasaay i tingeroh, i 496 Amilika payso, itiya milicad to Icip tamdaw ko GDP (itiya eca)[42]. I 2011 miheca, oni kitakit GDP a ngangan ira ko 11.54 walwalan Amilika payso, o GDP no tamdaw ira ko 297 Amilika payso, o saka 3 a masararemay kitakit i hekal. I likisi, o kicay no Liberia o miti’eray to roma kitakit a sadama, pamo’ecel sa ko roma kitakit mipacefong ato sakinaira no paraparatan a pasadak, tinako o marar a fokeloh, cica’ a kilang ato kilang. Paraparatang a cica’. Sasakilangen ato marar a tafok a kinaira o sacoker to kicay no finawlan, saheto o nipasadakan, o sakaira no kinaira to micomoday a payso. O misang'ay to lalosidan caay ka kimeto, dengan caayay ka papina a mimingay misanga’ay to lalosidan no romi’adan. 1989 miheca tangasa 1996 miheca 8 folad a laloma'ay no kitakit a kalalood, naitiya ma’epi ko kicay.

I 2000 miheca, misitapang ko Liberia midemak to no kasakitakit paysoan a kiking masakapot sapikantok a halaka, o sakafalicaw to sakipaysoan a dademaken, milaheci to pakoniyah a kalaliacaan, pifalic to no komoing a lakakawa ato pafalic to kalingadan no kitakit. Toya mihecaan, mihayda to ko kalomaocan to no fadawan a rikec, sakifodawan a pisolap ato pikarkar citodong to sapawacay a lakakawa. I 2001 miheca 5 folad, mimitonek ko Liberia a sifo to 2001 – 2010 mihecaan a sakadademak, patosokan o sapilaheci to hakairaira no kicay, mapacakat ko ’aca ni kinaira, misadadahal to pakoniyahay kicay. I 2003 miheca 10 folad, polong no kitakit citodong koya pacarcaran sifo, misi’icel palowad to kicay, micekal to ’aca, nanoya masasiiked ko kasaselal a milosimet no kasierod no icifa, malaheci masongila’ ko pilisata a lekakawa, misarocod mipatireng to “pipacefong a rikec”, pasadak to fa’elohay kanga’ayan a lekakawa, misa’icel militado to kasakinaira a nga’ayay misolot to nai papotalay mamipacefong.

I 2003 miheca a Liberia tangasa i 85% ko awaayay katayalan.

Likisi no kicay (經濟史)

I 1979 mihecaan kacakatan itiya, nikawrira i 1980 miheca mafafalic ko mikowanay sifo saka eca ka nga’ay ko kicay, nanoya o kicay no Liberia masatapang marara matefad[43]. I 1979 miheca malengat ko laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood saranikay sato tararikor; I 1989 miheca tangasa 1995 mihecaan, o laloma'an no kitakit a kinaira macakat maserer 90%, o aniniay likisi saranikayay tararikod[43]. 2003 miheca paherek ko lalood, o GDP misitapang macakat, i 2007 miheca tangasa 9.4%[44]. Polong no cikiw a pakapaysoay a katalawan saka i 2009 mihecaan a laloma'an no kitakit a kinaira macakat tangasa 4.6%[44], nikawrira, saki cica’ a kilang ato kilang nipasadakan a mapalowad, o maomahay citodongay lomahad i 2010 miheca macakat i 5.1%, I 2011 miheca pa’ayaw to 7.3%, o nia kitakit a kicay ranikay lomahad tangasa i hekalan 20 a kitakit[45][46].

Tahamatini misaetay to sakalomahad no kicay o nai laloma’ay no kitakit a icifa mimingay, cango’ot to ma;edengay parana’an, o sapicolo’ takaraw, caay ka fangcal ko kalali’acaan to sakifiyaw a kitakit, ato o kicay mapatakaraw to no Amilika a payso[45]. O Liberia nai 1943 miheca tangasa 1982 miheca oyaan o Amilika payso ko sakafafalifalic, midemak to no Liberia payso ato Amilika payso ko pidemak[47].

I 2003 miheca kacakatan no dafong misitapang a maserer, i 2008 miheca nawhani o hekalan a kakaenen ato cikatalawan to kinairaira, ranikay macakat ko kalodafong[48], tangasa i 17.5%, itiya i 2009 miheca miserer tangasa 7.4%[44]. I 2006 miheca, o Liberia a papotalay tadah alatak ira ko 45 walwalan Amilika payso, macalap to ko no lalomaay no kitakit a kinaira to 800%[43]. Nawhani i 2007 miheca tangasa 2010 mihecaan a kasairaan, adihayay kasairaan ato kalali’acaan a tadah mapalasawaday, o nia kitakit a tadah i papotal tangasa I 2011 miheca maserer tangasa 2.229 walwalan Amilika payso[49].

Maomahay (農業)

O no Liberia laloma’an 3.43% a sera manga’ayay kaliomahen[50]. Manga’ay ko kalokilakilang pinaloma. Manga’ayay maomahen oya mililisay to lawac no riyar to 564 kongli a nga’ayay sera. O nipalomaan a kinaira o felac, cica’ a kilang, kaisyafa, kohi, tefos, pawli, keke, kalaha’ay simal, kalaha’ay falo, ’Ariray, panay, kodasing, talacay, nimon, mami’ ato kalodatengan. Tadamaanay a nipalomaan o ica’ a kilang. O pipaloma to panay, i saetalay a finawlan o nipipalomaan o nipacarcaran ko paloma, todohan nangra ko demedematan, paloma to saka cecay, saka tosa, tona awaay to ko tayhi no sera, malinah to tayra roma a pala a maomah. Caay paka’aca awaay ko pi’acaan to tayhi sapakoyasi, caay ka fangcal ko pilitod awaay ko sapipalasawad to fao ato ’ayam pikari’ang, orasaka o citodongay cango’ot to kinaira.

O lotolotokan ira ko 30336 pinfang kongli, matahepoay no kilakilang salongan 31.5%[51]. O kilakilangan adihay ko kasasiroma, ira 235 ko kasasiroma[52], kilangan halo kahemaway matoni’ay kilang tangasa ’atekakay kilang kilang, kilangan a kasacifolatak masasiroma. Polong no kasakilangan, ira ko 21 kasasiromaan sapisanga’ to lalosidan, ira ko 21 kasasiroma a nga’ayay sanga’en ko sakadademak, hook ato satafo, ira ko 20 kasasiroma sapipatireng to loma’ lalosidan, ira ko 16 kasasiroma manga’ay sakadademak a kawil, ira ko 20 manga’ayay sapisanga’ to dadokap (kami); lalomaan no kitakit a kilakilangan midotoc sapikinaira ko pidemak. Aniniay lalan calay misadadahal to kilangan to pasakilangan, saki Liberia a sifo itini i faloco’an a saetal ko sapicowat to kinaira no kilangan ko satata’akay pisahalaka. Patongal to Monrovia pakoniyah a minato a pipatireng, saka nga’ay no kilang patayra i roma kitakit.

Pakaenay to ’a’adopen (畜牧業)

O Pakaenay to ’a’adopen, o paka’enay to ’ayam ato fafoy. Orasaka laloma’an no kitakit ira ko mangta’ay titi, ’ayam ato fitaol caay ka cango’oten, roma mapatala roma kitakit. Nawhani laloma’an o fa’edetay kilakilangan, orasaka o ’aadopen adihay, ko malonem, takolil, fafoy no lotok, ’aya’ayam, wani, ’alimedas, ta’akay lotong ato lotong, malo kinaira a kakaenen no tamdaw. O fanges no fafoy no lotok ato fanges no ’alimedas, fanges no wani ato wa’a no malonem, sarahoday han ko pilosimet manga’ay to pa’acaen.

Misafotingay (漁業)

Misafotingay o kimetoay, foting i lomama’ no Liberia a tamdaw o koemeday samanga’ayay sakinaira a protein kadofahay kakaenen. I ngataay no sekal a riyar adihay ko foting, marocok ko patodong to kangalayan no icifo. No kafesa’ay nanom a pisafoting misarocod a mipatenak, miledaf ko fanaw i polong no kitakit.

Fodawan (礦業)

I Liberia adihay ko masimeday a fodawan itini, ira ko marar, ^ekim, oteng, antang, ferric niobium, tungsten, manganese, diamond(adicacaw fokeloh), graphite, magnet, tadamarar tafok ato Mica. Nikawrira saheto o caayay ka cowat, dengan o marar, ^ekim ato diamond ko mikorkoran. Itiniay a marar a tafok o nga’ayay.

Misang'ay to lalosidan (工業)

Laloma’ay no kitakit dengan o mimingay a misanga’ay to lalosidan, o misanga’an ira ko mikarkaray to fodawan, misatingkiay, cica’ a kilang, tayhi, kilang, marar, misasimal, tenooy, sariko’ay, amoto, ’emi, teking, lingka, safon, misadadokap, misatangso, kakaenen, safalakoay, misamadaray, misanga’ay to kikay, misanga’ay to tosiya, misataminaay, sapisebged ato lalosidan a kaysya.

Kasakitakit a kalali’aca (國際貿易)

Pasadakan kali’aca (出口貿易)

Saki pasadakay kali’acaan, Liberia i 2006 miheca pasadakan a ira 11.97 walwalan Amilika payso[53], o nipasadakan ira ko cica’ kilang, marar tafok, kohi, kilang, fodawan, afinong simal, afinaong heci, afinong canot, titi ato nisanga’an, dafongan pasadakan tangasa i Into, Amilika, Poland, Germany ato Belgium[54].

Micomoday kali’aca (進口貿易)

O Liberia i 2006 miheca micomoday ira ko 71.43 walwalan Amilika payso[55], o nipacomodan ira simal, kakay, sapicolo’ sakadademak ato sakatayal, ratoh calay, isingan sakatayal, sapiiyo, sapisanga’ to dafong, tayhi, tenooy, kalosakadademak, sadadingoay, tingce. Tingkian, sasalamaen, pisafangod a lalosidan, epah tamako ato nananomen. Kalodafong nai Korea, Singapore, Taywan, Dipon, Congko nipacomodan[56].

Tamdaw (人口)

Midotoc i 2022 mihecaan Amilika tenokan sakarong nisa’osian, o Liberia a finawlan ira 5,358,483 tamdaw[25], itini ira ko 30% maro’ay i Monrovia a maci.

Polong no finawlan malaisal mafolaway tayni ato itiniay a finawlan, o finawlan 95%. O finacadan ira Keppel, Barcelona, Dan, Crewe, Grebo, Mano, Loma, Gora, Mandingo, Bell ato 19 sician nai Amilika safaniyot mafolaway a kohetingay tamdaw teloc. O Keppel satata’angay finacadan i polong no kitakit, micalap to 20%[57]. Nai Amilika ato kaetipay Into palapalaan a Amilika teloc a Liberia tamdaw, ato nai Congo ato Caribbean sa’etal a Congo tamdaw, micalap to 2.5% to finawlan[58]. Ikoray tosa nai 19 sici o mi’emetay to sici no Liberia.

O Inkiris a sowal ko sakasowal no Liberia ato sakasasowal[59]. Itini i Liberia ira ko 31 a sowal no finacadan, nikawrira o mipasowalay to no ina a sowal caay ka’aloman[60]. O Liberia a Inkiris sowal (no Creole a Inkiris a sowal) malifongay.

Midotoc to i 2008 mihecaan polong no pipalita, o Liberia 85.5% tamdaw ko mitooray to Kristokiw, roma i 12.2% o Muslim[61]. Itiniay a to’asan pakayraan dengan 0.5%, roma ira ko 1.5% mitokian to awaayay ko pakayraan.  

Ono Liberia a kimpo a matelek o finawlan ira ko pakoniyah a pitooran, o sifo mingodo to finawlan to nia salongoc. Talacowa o kimpo a matelek i Liberia malasiyasay to pakayraan ato sician a kitakit, nikawrira o Liberia o Kristokiw a kitakit[62]. Ono kitakit a pitilidan padamso to Fangcalay Cudad a nananamen, orasaka sarikec a matelak mi’efec to pa’aliwacan ano eca no Kristokiw a kacedengan romi’ad a kalali’acaan a demak.

Kiwiko (教育)

I 2010 mihecaan a Liberia o mapohaway to tilid 60.8% (fainayan 64.8%, fafahiyan 56.8%)[63], o roma a sa’etal a mimingay pitilidan ato tenokan pitilidan caay ka ci’aca a kiwiko[64], nikawrira ira ko roma a ’etal mangalay pasadak to sapitilid a payso itiya manga’ay to mimingay pitilidan ato tenokay pitilidan.

Salongan kahacecay a ka’emangay i Liberia a kiwiko o 10 miheca (fainayan 11 miheca, fafahiyan 8 miheca) [63], o nia kitakit sapasifana’ ato malasingsiay o cango’otay[65].

Ono Liberia takaraway kiwiko citodangay ira ko no kitakit ira ko no tekedan. O no kitakit a Liberia daykako o nano kitakit satata’akay mato’asay a daykako, itiniay i Monrovia[66], i 1862 mihecaan mapatireng. Anini ira ko 6 a kakoying, halo 1 a ising kakoying ato polong dengan a sarikec kakoying Louis Arthur Greens rikec kakoying[67]. I 2009 mihecaan, no i Harper a Tubman daykako o saka 2 no kitakit a daykako[68]. O Keddington daykako o nano Amilika Anglican Church nipatirengan i 1889 mihecaan, o samato’asay no tekedan daykako. Nai 2006 mihecaan, o sifo itira i Buchanan, Sanikole, Voinjama mipatirengay to syako kakoying[69][70][71].

Nawhani i 2018 mihecaan 10 folad miliyang ko mitiliday, fa’elohay maalaay congtong ci George M Weah mipalasawad to no kitakit a daykako mitiliday a sapitilid a payso[72].

Tekadan daykako (私立大學)

O Cartington daykako i 1889 mihecaan nai Amilika Anglican Church i state kanatal a Suakoko patireng, malo saki yincumin a finawlan patenakay kiwiko a tayal. O samatelangay no Amilika tekedan daykako.

O Stella Maris Polytechnic, o cecay tekedan takaraway kiwiko citodongay. Oni pitilidan mapatireng nai 1988 miheca, o nano Monrovia a Loma tingsokiw tata’angay citodongay a nidemakan. Pitilidan itiraay i kalomaocan a lotok, ira ko 2,000 ko tamdaw no mitiliday[73].

Kaetipay Kristo ansokonic (Seventh-day Adventist Church) daykako, itiniay i Magibi kanatal a Roberts kasakitakit hikokiciw[74].

O United Methodist Church daykako a cecay itiniay i kaetipay Africa Liberia a tekedan Kristokiw daykako, itiniay tamdaw sowal sa UMU. Tangasa i 2016 mihecaan, ira ko 9,118 tamdaw a mitiliday. O nia citodongay mapatireng i 1998 mihecaan[75].

Kakolalan no picolo’an (交通運輸)

O tadamaci ira ko kalocalay a lalan matatongod i polong no kitakit kasatata’angay kadademakan citodongay ’etal. Kawali a Roberts kasakitakit hikokiciw o satata’angay i Africa safaniyot a hikokiciw. O Liberia a pakariyaray a picolo’an cingangan i hekal, i tadamaci ira ko 20 a kasakitakit noriyaray picolo’ marariday ko rakat ato kasatongodan malacalay, i Monrovia minato o kaetipay Africa sa’etal satata’akay aniniay a minato, o dadahal no minato ira ko 300 kofo, mihecaan a pi’enoc 1000 ’ofad ton.

Marar lalan (鐵路)

Polong no kitakit dengan 2 ko marar a lalan, o kakaya’ ira ko 490 kongli[76], to nia 145 kongli o ki’ecoay a marar lalan. Saheto o midemakay mi’ot’otay to fodawan a kosi, o sapicolo’ to marar fodawan, laloma’ay kalaloodan mapeleng makari’ang itiya, ta anini caay to karomakat.

Lalan (公路)

I Liberia a lalan o kakaya’ ira 10600 kongli[77], o nian masaromi’aday a lalan 2036 kongli, mapatangiiway lalan ira ko 739 kongli. Laloma’an no kitakit a lalood tadamaan ko kakari’ang.

Nanom a picolo’ (水運)

O Liberia i olong no cikiw a pakariyaray picolo’ ira ko tadamaanay a todong, o Liberia caay ka pina ko tamina nira, nikawrira nai Liberia ka’emeday ko sapitoki a payso, malosaka tadamaan no Liberia i hekal a kacingangan no tamina (Flag of convenience) a pitokian a kitakit, nai Amilikaay a “Liberian International Ship & Corporate Registry” (decdec a tilid LISCR) taypiaw to Liberia nikapolongan kitakit sifo riyaran citodongay paini to kakingangan no tamina a nipitokian a demak.

I 2008 miheca ira ko 2204 tamina mipakafitay to fayfay no kitakit[78], o sa’adihayay o Amilika ato Greece a kosi a tamina, o sapisakahemaw to sata. Saki Liberia kitakit a tamina saheto o mimingay, eca ka papina, nai 1961 mihecaan i, misitapang ira ko patelekan romi’ad to mirarakatay tamina ato France a malalifetay to efa ato Congo kohetingay wa’a minato a karomakat.

Laloma’an no kitakit ira ko Monrovia pakoniyah minato, Geville minato, Harbor minato, Buchanan minato ato Roberts minato, no mihecaan a nicolo’an a dafong ira 20 ’ofad ton.

Kakarayan nicolo’ay (空運)

I 2009 miheca laloma’ay kitakit ira ko 33 a hikokiciw[79], itini ira ko 2 tata;akay hikokiciw, tadamaci ato kasa kanatal sifo ira ko pafesotay a hikoki. Itini i tadamaanay maci a Roberts kasakitakit hikokiciw nao Africa satata’akay hikokiciw, i 1990 miheca mapeleng i laloma’ay no kitakit a kalaloodan, I 1997 miheca 12 folad miliyaw mapatireng. Ta anini ira ko Brussels hilkoki kosi, Ghana hikoki kosi ko midemakay to nian.

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23. Kieh, Jr., George Klay. Liberia a maci pitanam a satelek (PDF). Governance Commission of Liberia. Liberia nikapolongan kitakit mikowanay wuyyinhuy. [July 20, 2018]. （[1.pdf o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i April 12, 2019）.

24. Moraraway ko piala to tilid: awaay ko ngangan toni census20082 a pinengnengan tilid.

25. Liberia. The Central Intelligence Agency side for Liberia. Central Intelligence Agency. 2021 [June 8, 2021].

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29. Moumouni, Guillaume. (April 2014). "China and Liberia: Engagement in a Post-Conflict Country 2003–2013". Global Powers and Africa Programme. Occasional Paper No. 182[mada’oc malasawad ko calay].

30. Johannesburg, South Africa: The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA). p. 8.

31. Moumouni, Guillaume. Congko ato Liberia. Pinengneng to naikoran no siwtoc kitakit（2003-2013）。. Alden, C.; Alao, A.; Chun, Z.; Barber, L. (kawit). Congko ato Africa safaniyot. 2018: 225–251. ISBN 978-3319528939. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52893-9_12.

32. "Liberia: Police Corruption Harms Rights, Progress", Human Rights Watch, August 22, 2013.

33.Montserrado County Development Agenda (PDF). Republic of Liberia. 2008 [October 14, 2008].

34.Crane, Keith; Gompert, David C; Oliker, Olga; Riley, Kevin Jack; and Lawson, Brooke Stearns. (2007).

35.Making Liberia safe : transformation of the national security sector. Santa Monica, CA : Rand. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-0833040084. Rand Corp website calay a pina’angan mana’ang, pina’angan romi’ad, October 14, 2018，. Retrieved December 7, 2017.

36. Nicola Jones, Janice Cooper, Elizabeth Presler-Marshall and David Walker, June 2014; "The fallout of rape as a weapon of war", ODI; http://www.odi.org/publications/8464-rape-weapon-war-liberia

State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. May 17, 2016.

37. Avery, Daniel. 71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal. Newsweek. April 4, 2019.

"Senate Passes 'No Same Sex Marriage' Bill ", Daily Observer, 21 July 2012. [September 1, 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i August 5, 2012）.

38. “Na no tilid no kaocong a palapalaan-1”, Longten mirina’ay, 2010-5 nirina’, 2016-6 saka 6 mirina’.

39. Miliyaw mitilid nai “Africa safaniyot kitakit”-- Liberia, felih 141,1981

40. Schoenurl, John W. Liberian shipping draws scrutiny. NBC News. August 11, 2003.

41. 41.About the Liberian Registry. Liberian Registry. （nano nina’angan tilid i November 10, 2014）.

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44.Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: Liberia. International Monetary Fund. June 20, 2011.

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47.Liberia Economic Recovery Assessment (PDF). USAID. July 2008.

48.Quarter Three Fiscal Outturn, Fiscal Year 2010/11 (PDF). Ministry of Finance. May 2011. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i March 25, 2012）.

49.Second Quarter 2010/2011 Public Debt Management Report (PDF). Debt Management Unit. Ministry of Finance. March 25, 2011. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i September 10, 2013）.

50. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak-pidemak to sera. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-04-25）.

51. Linhoko polongan sa’osi tilidan -kilakilang. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-08-01）.

52. Pifali to tilid nai “Africa safaniyot kitakit tilid”--Liberia, felih 143,1981miheca

53. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak –masadakay dafong. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-04-26）.

54. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak -- masadakay dafong kaliaca kitakit. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-04-25）.

55. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak –micomoday polongen. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-04-26）.

56. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak –micomday kalaliacaan kitakit. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-04-25）.

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60.Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013

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65.Jallah, David A. B. 「Notes, Presented by Professor and Dean of the Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law, University of Liberia, David A. B. Jallah to the International Association of Law Schools Conference Learning From Each Other: Enriching the Law School Curriculum in an Interrelated World Held at Soochow University Kenneth Wang School of Law, Suzhou, China, October 17-19, 2007.」 （felih mana’ang k okapi, mateli i calay pina’angan） International Association of Law Schools. Retrieved on September 1, 2008.

66.Jallah, David A. B. "Notes, Presented by Professor and Dean of the Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law, University of Liberia, David A. B. Jallah to the International Association of Law Schools Conference Learning From Each Other: Enriching the Law School Curriculum in an Interrelated World Held at Soochow University Kenneth Wang School of Law, Suzhou, China, October 17–19, 2007." International Association of Law Schools. Retrieved on September 1, 2008.

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73.Adventist University of West Africa. auwa,edu. [March 20, 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i March 27, 2019）.

74.United Methodist University. umu'edu. 2019 [March 20, 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i March 20, 2019）.

75. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak –marar lalan. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-06-03）.

76. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak --lalan. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-08-30）.

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Flag of Liberia

Location of  Liberia  (dark blue)– in Africa  (light blue & dark grey)– in the African Union  (light blue)

Itini i 6 30 N, 9 30 W, noAfilika ko Liberia. Polong no sekalay i 111,369 sq km “saka 104 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 96,320 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 15,049 sq km ” Polong i 4,299,944 ko tamdaw.

sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 28.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 44.60%, malo no roma to a sera 27.30%.

siyoto(首都) O Monrovia(蒙羅維亞) ko Siyoto.

katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 26 a romi’ad.

O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Ellen Johnson Sirleaf(艾倫·強森·瑟利夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 18 a romi’ad.

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