Marshall Islands
Marsal kanatal(馬紹爾群島) kapolongan kitakit (Marsal sowal: Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ, Inkilis: Republic of the Marshall Islands) a pipangangan to Marsal kanatal, Marsal (Inkilis: Marshall Islands), itiniay i no’amisan Taypinyang a kanatanatal masakitakit. Marsal kanatal i salaloma’ay no Mikelonisiya a kanatanatal, o dadfahal no sera 181 pinfang kongli, o dadahal no riyar mata’elif ko 200 pinfang kongli, 68,480 ko tamdaw, malopisak a maro’ i 1,156 a kanatal safinacadan to 34 i karakaratan. Kasafiyaw no riyar a pala ka’amis o Wike kanatal, katimol o Nolo a kanatal, ka’etip o Mikelonisiya kasakitakit ato kawali katimol a Cilipas. O taliyok no masakaratay a pala alomanay tamdaw i o Maciwlo, o tadaniyaro’ no Marsal kanatal.
I ’ayaw no 2000 no mihecaan i, o Mikelonisiya a tamdaw matatoor tayni i Marsal kanatal a maro’, pakaynien nangra i nano kilangan a piwikwik to manawnaway a salil ko kasa laed no kanatal a romakat. Elopiya a tamdaw i 16 sici to 20 mihecaan pakanengneng to Marsal kanatal, Sepaniya a misolapay a cefang ci Alongso Salasar i 1526 miheca 8 folad nai riyar pakanengneng tina masaliyokay a kanatal.
Rikor roma a Sepaniya ato Inkilis a misolapay pakanengneng tina kanatal. Marsal kanatal a ngangan nai Inkilis a misolapay ci Yohani Marsal. 1871 miheca, Marsal kanatal mala no Sepaniya a waliay a Into a kanatal. 1884 miheca oni a kanatal mapa’aca i Toic, i 1885 miheca mala no Toic a Sinciniya a todong.
Saka 1 kalalood no hekal macalap no Dipong kina Marsal kanatal, i 1919 miheca o kalokitakit lakapot laheci patoror to Dipong, nanoya o Marsal kanatal i notimolan Taypinyang (Nan-yo) no Dipong ko mikowanay. Saka 2 kalalood, itiya kalalood i Cierpot ato Marsal kanatal macalap no Amilika, itiya tinakanatal o liyok no kanatal a Pikini kinapinapina pikingkiwan to adihayay temera, saka makari’ang ko caayay ko mapalolol kakari’ang no pala. Ikor no kalalood, Marsal kanatal ato romaroma a kanatal i Taypinyang malecad o mikowanan no Amilika a kasakanatal i Taypinyang. 1979 miheca Marsal kanatal midemak to niya a salongoc, i 1986 miheca ato Amilika matatilid to “Mapakoniraay kapolongan a katatelek” a citodong to sapikowan.
Marsal kanatal o cecayay a congtong a tapang ko polongay kitakit, milecad to no Amilika mapakoniraay kapolongan kalacalay. Padamso ko Amilika to Marsal kanatal to sakihadimel a hitay, misasorot ato Sakarihaday no Kalotamdaw. Nawhani kinaira no kanatal cango’otay, orasaka o kicay no Marsal kanatal dengan o patadoay ato mifotingay ato maomahay.
O sakacikarapoy no kitakit o nipadamaan no Amilika. Marsal kanatal o no Amilika a payso ko niya a payso. Marsal kanatal a tamdaw o no Marsal ngasaw ko dotoc, caay kapapina nai Filipin ato roma a kanatal no Taypinyang. Tosa ko sowal no kitakit o Marsal ato Amilika sowal ko nisowalan no Marsal kanatal kitakit. Polong no finawlan a pitooran i, 4/3 a finawlan micomod to kapolongan Keristo kiwkay- Marsal kanatal konglihuy (UCCCMI) ato Sencawhuy.
Likisi (歷史)
mikawitI 1885 miheca, picalap no Toic to Marsal kanatal itiya i, o nano Toic a Niwkiniya ko midipotay, saka 1 no kalalood no hekal o Dipong ko micalapay, ikor to i o Dipong ko mikowanay.
I 1944 miheca, o Amilika ko micalapay to Marsal kanatal, ikor no kalalood mapatorod no Linhoko ko Amilika mikowan, saka I Taypinyang a kanatal a nikowanan.
1946 tangasa 1968 mihecaan, patireng ko Amilika i Taypinyang malapitanaman to sakitemeraan, itini i Marsal kanatal ira ko 66 to pitanam a mipeling.
I 1979 mihecaan, kana’ayen to no Marsal kanatal ko “Mikelonisiya kapolongan a kimpo” a kapolong mitopa, paitemek sa a patireng to niya a sifo ato pipatireng to kitakit.
I 1986 mihecaan, masasitelek to Amilika to “Mapakoniraay kapolongan a katatelek”, oya a miheca 10 folad 21 romi’ad mihapiw to misiikeday kitakit.
I 1994 miheca, paherek ko patoror no Lihoko to Amilika, milayap to Marsal kanatal kitakit o kaying no Linhoko a kitakit.
Pala (地理)
mikawitMarsal kanatal kitakit polong no kanatal 29 ko kasapala ato 5 ko maraayay a pala, o sera no kitakit malitosaay kawaliay a Latak (mahihar) a kalakiting ato kaetip Lalik (picelem) a kalakiting, lalaed no kawali ato kaetip 208 kongli ko raraay. O takaraw no pala 2 ko laya’ [4]. Aro’ no tamdaw 3/2 i Maciwlo ato Epaye (Ebeye) tosaay maliyokay a pala kamaaro’an. O karaya’ no hekal no riyar 370.0 kongli. O faedetay ko romi’ad itira, 27˚C ko hemhem, mihecaan a katefad no nanom to ’orad 3350 ko katefad, saka 5-11 folad ko ’orad, 12 folad – roma miheca 4 folad o kakedalan.
Sasiiked no sakowan (行政區劃)
mikawitMarsal kanatal caayho kasasiked ko sakowan, nikawrira 26 ko kasiiked ko patireng to rikec no sapipili’an (legislative districts).
Kicay (經濟)
mikawit1. Karayra no micomoday : kakaenen, sapisakikay, simal, lalosodan, tamako.
2. Pacomoday: Amilika, Dipong, Autaliya, Niwsilan, Singkapo, Fici, Taywan, Filipin.
3. Masadakay: ’Afinong a simal, ma’akikay ’afinong ato mikawitan, foting.
4. Cifa no kasadakan: Amilika, Dipong, Autaliya, Cungko.
5. Minato ato kali’acaan: Majuro Island、Majuro Atoll.
Sakaromakat (交通)
mikawitI Maciwro ko tokay a kasakitakit hikokiciw no Marsal kanatal. Ira ko fois kalocalay a mapatirengay i Marsal kanatal. I maci hikokiciw ira ko kahitefoan no 707, 727 ato 737 hikoki. Marsal kanatal hikoki kaysya ira ko paromi’aday maefer i 10 a palapala ato mangataay i timolay Taypinyang a kanatal kitakit. Laloma’an no kitakit ira ko tamina to kamaro’an no lafang. I tokay Maciwro ira ko talolongay minato.
Sakihitay (軍事)
mikawitMarsal kanatal a kaitiraan no hitay. Saka 2 kalaloodan, Amilika ato Dipong parekpok ko kalalood. 1946-1962 miheca, o Amilika kaetip ka’amis a Pikini ato Aikewitok masaso’ayaway a toloa pala kina 10 a mitanam a mipeling.
Sici (政治)
mikawitI 1979 miheca 3 fola mahayda i kimpo, saka 5 folad 1 romi’ad masaheci. Matelek i kimpo no Marsal kanatal midotoc to congtong rikec. Marsal kanatal a congtong o tatapangan no kitakit, o kakeridan no sifo, o iing ko misingkiway.
Pikaykian no kitakit o cecayay rikec, 33 ko iing a saopo, 4 miheca ko lekad. Roma ono to’as a kakeridan (Iroji) citodong to sera, rocok no punka, lekakawa no niyaro’ tadamaan ko kacitatodongan no sowal.
Patotalay kalali’ay (外交)
mikawitMarsal kanatal tangasa anini ato hekalay 90 a kitakit ko kalali’ayan, Amilika, Dipong, Taywan i Marsal kanatal kitakit mapatirengan a kamaro’an katayalan no kitakit.
I romaay kitakit a finawlan ano awaay ko kamaro’an katayalan no kitakit sakaira no kadadama, manga’ay tayra i kamaro’an katayalan no kitakit no Amilika, kamaro’an katayalan no kitakit no Amilika padamso to malalenay sadama to fanawlan no Marsal ato Amilika a finawlan.
Ka lali’ay to Congko (與中華人民共和國關係)
mikawitKalacalay: Congko ato Marsal kanatal kitakit.
Ka lali’ay to Taywan(ROC) (與中華民國關係)
mikawitMinengneng: Taywan(ROC)- Marsal kanatal lali’ay
Ciongko nai 1990 miheca 11 fola 16 romi’ad ato Marsal kanatal, 1998 miheca 11 folad 20 romi’ad Marsal kanatal malokiyol pasayra i Taywan, saka 2 folad masasawad to Congko, o Marsal kanatal o saka 14 no Taywan a kalali’ay a kitakit.
Saki Amilika kalali’ay (與美國關係)
mikawitMarsal kanatal makowan no Amilika 40 mihecaan, tangasa anini malali’ay to Amilika.
Marsal kanatal no Amilika a payso ko sakadademak, kalomaamaan a dafongan miraoy to Amilika. Midotoc “Mapakoniraay kapolongan a katatelek” matelek, Marsal kanatal a sakihitay a sadama patorod to Amilika patodong, finawlan manga’ay mikihatiya to no Amilika a malahitay. Roma, Marsal kanatal a finawlan manga’ay pakoniya micomod masadak i Amilika ato maro’, matayal ato mitilid, eca to kaci fica (naka o ciraraway malaplap no Amilika). Marsal kanatal sakipapotal a yofingan nai o Amilika ko citoonga, o ’aca malecad to no Amilika, mapayofin tayra i Palaw, Mikelonisiya kapolongan, kasaniyaro’ no Amilika, noniya sera ato kalacalay no hitay a niyaro’ saheto nai kitakitay nisa’osian.
“Mapakoniraay kapolongan a katatelek” mirikec to Amilika ato Marsal kanatal sifo a kasadema no kicay, ato pacaliw to Koakalin a karakaratan no hitay no Amilika. Kasacokeran ato pasadak a payso, Amilika ato Marsal kanatal a dademaken o salaloma’an no kanatal a nidamakan (caay ko kitakit) citodongay.
Pinengnengan (參考文獻)
mikawit1. CIA Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). [2018-11-13]. (nina’angan tilid, kalocalay mateli 2021-01-02).
2. Marshall Islands. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-30] (Inkilis).
3. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. (nina’angan tilid, kalocalay mateli (PDF)
2020-04-16).
4. Geography. [2015mihca 9 folad 16 romi’ad]. (nina’angan tilid, kalocalay mateli 2013-11-15) (Inkilis).
Masyalu kanatanatal a kitakit(馬紹爾群島共和國)
mikawitTakaray sowal(概略)
mikawitO Masyalu palapalaan a kitakit I o pangangan no Masyalo a tamdaw I 「Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ」,o no Ikilis I 「Marshall Islands」,o ma’alaay a ngangan I o Masyalo, itini’ay I saka’amis no Masinanotay a riyar(太平洋).O cecay a pala no Mikronisya palapalan ko Masylo,o dadahal no pala I 181 sq km,o no riyar a kakahad I cirafasay to tosa a ‘emang sq km, o tamdaw I 68.480,laklak sanay a maro’ I 1,156 a pala ato rakarakan, o sa’alomanay ko tamdaw a maro’I itiraay I Maciwlo a niyaro’ o tatapangan a niyaro’ no kitakit.
O Masyalo a kitakit I o kapolongan ko sici o congtong ko mikowanay,o mitidapi’ay I Amirika, orira ko pidama no Amirika to sofitay a mipidipot,a mipa’orip. Nawhany, caay ka hakowa ko kinaira no maamaan nona kitakit,sa orira ko pitadipi to pipadahof no Amirika, o mifotingay ko saka’rip no tamdaw itini. Opayso no itiniay I o no Amirika. O kapolongan a sowal no itiniay I o Masylo ato Ikilis.
Rikisi (歷史)
mikawitO tamdaw nona kitakit I ono Satimolan a Sowal ko sowal ngara, o tamdaw sa I ono Satimolan Kitakit, nikawrira,I 1885miheca ma’eco no Toic, tahira I Sakakinacecay Lalood I o Dipong to ko mikowanay.1944miheca,o Amirika to ko mi’ecoay a mikowan, maherek to ko sakakinatosa a lalood I o patoroden no Linhoko ko Amirika a mikowan. Toya pikowanan no Amirika nani 1946miheca tahira I 1968miheca,mipatireng ko Amirika to pitanaman to ‘icel no pakotang, o kafana’an aca I kina 66 a misaliyaliyaw a mitanam to pakotang, onini ko sakaciadada ko itiniay a tamdaw mapatidi’ to lintokin, ono adada toni’an I caay kafilo a paadahen, ano ciwawa sa I sahetoay o mangilosay.
1979miheca,misawad to pikapot I Mikulonisya, sa’iked sato a mipatireng tono niyah a kitakit,o niyah ko mikowan tono niyah a kitakit.1986miheca,matatilid ato Amirika toniyah a nisafaloco’an a pikapot,toya to a miheca 10folad,21romi’ad,si’iked sato a tomireng ko Masylo, caay to ko tao ko mikowanay.1991miheca,1991miheca mikapot to I Linhoko.
Kaitiraan a sera(地理)
mikawitO kaitiraan no RapaNui I tosaay ko pecih sakawali ato sa’etip.O sakawali a malilisay a pala I o Lalatak(o kahadakan no cidal sanay),o saka’etio a mililisay a pala I o Lalik(o piceleman no cidal sanay), o kslala’ed no sawali ato sa’etip 208km ko kararaay(nani Posong tahira I Taypak ). O tosa no kalitolo a tamdaw I itiray maro’ I Maciwlo ato Ipay.
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To'as a kakita'an(傳統領袖)
mikawitSici(政治)
mikawit1979miheca malaheci a masanga’ ko Kinpo(憲法),do’edoen ko rikec nona Kinpo I o congtong ko sakakaay tapang no kitakit, o mikowanay,o mamalatapang a tamdaw I nani tiraay I kakitaan no niyaro’ a piri’en. O sakakaay a pikaykian no kitakit ko misanga’ay to polong a rikec no kitakit(matiya o Lipoing no Taywan),o polong no iing I 33 ko tamdaw, sepat miheca kinacecay a liyawen a misingkiw. Ira ho ko roma a sakakaay a pikaykian o Iroji hananay, o iing nonini I o kalo pala aniyaro’, ano caay ka tatodong ko misanga’an no Lipoing a rikec to rayray no to’as I manga’ayay a mifelih kona Iroji papiliyaw a papisanga’ anoca papisalof to rikec no kitakit,sa oninian ko sakacaay ka doka’ ko to’as a wayway ato pinangan no niyaro’, to ma’osaw ko kalacecay no to’as a sera.
Mitanam to 'icel no pakotang(核試爆)
mikawit1946miheca tahira I 1968miheca,mipatireng ko Amirika to pitanaman to ‘icel no pakotang, o kafana’an aca I kina 66 a misaliyaliyaw a mitanam to pakotang, onini ko sakaciadada ko itiniay a tamdaw mapatidi’ to lintokin, ono adada toni’an I caay kafilo a paadahen, ano ciwawa sa I sahetoay o mangilosay.
Makakafitay i papotal(外部連結)
mikawit- 太平洋試驗場 （英文）
- 馬紹爾群島總統府 （英文）
- 美國中情局世界概況—馬紹爾群島 （英文）
- 中華民國外交部—馬紹爾群島 （繁體中文）